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Heat can move in three ways: conduction, convection, and radiation.

In conduction, physical contact between two surfaces is required. The molecules of the heat source bang into the molecules of the heat sink, imparting some of their energy in the process, thus reducing the temperature of the heat source while increasing that of the heat sink. Heat can move by conduction through pretty much any mass, whether solid, liquid, gas, supercritical fluid, or plasma.

In convection, a substance is heated by the heat source and then moved to another location where it can release some of its energy as heat. In the case of natural convection, the motion is a result of buoyancy forces, while in forced convection something like a fan or pump is responsible for moving the heated mass. For heat to travel in this manner the medium must be capable of movement - which generally excludes solids but includes gases, liquids, supercritical fluids, and plasmas.

In radiation no medium is required to get the energy between the source and the sink. Heat can travel via radiation through a vacuum.

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