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an oxygen atom can show up in an organic molecule as part of many different functional groups, such as an alcohol (-OH), ketone (=O), aldehyde (-COH), carboxylic acid (-COOH), ester (-COO-), amide (-CON-) ether (-O-), as well as several other less common functional groups such as sulfate, sulfonyl, nitroso, etc. There are some specific reactions you can do to detect certain specific functional groups (tollen's silver mirror test for aldehydes comes to mind), but the best way is a combination of IR (infrared spectroscopy), NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance), and mass spectrometry. Data from these 3 tests should allow you to figure out what your molecule is (and definitely if there are any oxygen-containing functional groups).

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