It depends on how far away the planet is from a star. If it's close, it's hot. Also, if the planet rotates on its axis there would be a big day-night temperature difference.
You might expect a planet to be hotter if it's nearer the Sun. This is true apart from Venus, which is the exception. Venus has a higher average surface temperature than Mercury. We believe this is because of the "greenhouse effect" of the atmosphere of Venus.
If Mercury had a thicker atmosphere, it would likely experience more significant temperature regulation, reducing the extreme temperature fluctuations between day and night. A thicker atmosphere could also lead to increased weather phenomena and possibly support some form of weathering on the surface. Additionally, a denser atmosphere might trap heat, potentially allowing for the presence of liquid water, which could alter the planet's geological and chemical processes. Overall, a thicker atmosphere could drastically change the environmental conditions on Mercury.
Surface liquids indicate that there can be a gaseous atmosphere, as surface liquids and volatile ices are heated. Liquid hydrocarbons such as ethane show a very cold planet. Liquid sulfur shows a very hot interior. Liquid water shows a warm temperature, an indicator of possible lifeforms (on the surface or in the interior, under an ice shell).
Particles in the atmosphere, such as aerosols and dust, can influence Earth's temperature by either reflecting sunlight back into space or absorbing it. Reflective particles, like sulfate aerosols, can cool the planet by reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface. Conversely, darker particles, such as black carbon, can absorb heat and contribute to warming. The overall effect of these particles is complex and varies by location and atmospheric conditions, impacting climate patterns and temperature fluctuations.
It can vary substantially. Whether a planet is a Goldilocks planet is based only on its distance from the star it orbits. If a planet orbits at the right distance that it might be the right temperature to support liquid water, it is called a Goldilocks planet. The nature of the atmosphere would still be affected by factors such as the planet's composition, mass, and evolutionary history.
You might expect a planet to be hotter if it's nearer the Sun. This is true apart from Venus, which is the exception. Venus has a higher average surface temperature than Mercury. We believe this is because of the "greenhouse effect" of the atmosphere of Venus.
It largely depends on how close to the parent star (or sun) the planet is, but planets with no atmosphere will tend to have rather extreme temperatures. They will go from hot days to cold nights more easily as there would be no atmosphere to hold the heat from the sun, so they'll have a larger temperature range throughout the day/night cycle.
Earth is the only planet in our solar system known to have liquid water on its surface and a dense atmosphere suitable for supporting life as we know it. Other planets like Mars might have some water ice at the poles, and Venus has a thick atmosphere but no liquid water on its surface.
Nobody knows for certain what the surface of Jupiter looks like below its atmosphere. Since the planet is a gas giant, we might expect it to look something like the surface of the sun, but not on fire.
If Mercury had a thicker atmosphere, it would likely experience more significant temperature regulation, reducing the extreme temperature fluctuations between day and night. A thicker atmosphere could also lead to increased weather phenomena and possibly support some form of weathering on the surface. Additionally, a denser atmosphere might trap heat, potentially allowing for the presence of liquid water, which could alter the planet's geological and chemical processes. Overall, a thicker atmosphere could drastically change the environmental conditions on Mercury.
The atmosphere can be classified based on its temperature profile into distinct layers: the troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere. These layers vary in temperature, composition, and characteristics, with the troposphere being the layer closest to Earth's surface and the exosphere merging into outer space.
not on the surface but might be some under the surface of the planet...??
The surface temperature of a planet is calculated using methods such as measuring the amount of sunlight it receives, analyzing its atmosphere composition, and studying its thermal radiation. Scientists use these data to estimate the average temperature on the planet's surface.
Gravity: Of course it has gravity. Any planet - moreover, any object that has mass (mass is what you measure in kilograms) has gravity. Atmosphere: You might say that Jupiter consists only of atmosphere. It is a gas giant, just as Saturn, Uranus, or Neptune. Specifically, it doesn't have a surface on which you might stand.
Surface liquids indicate that there can be a gaseous atmosphere, as surface liquids and volatile ices are heated. Liquid hydrocarbons such as ethane show a very cold planet. Liquid sulfur shows a very hot interior. Liquid water shows a warm temperature, an indicator of possible lifeforms (on the surface or in the interior, under an ice shell).
Particles in the atmosphere, such as aerosols and dust, can influence Earth's temperature by either reflecting sunlight back into space or absorbing it. Reflective particles, like sulfate aerosols, can cool the planet by reducing the amount of solar radiation that reaches the surface. Conversely, darker particles, such as black carbon, can absorb heat and contribute to warming. The overall effect of these particles is complex and varies by location and atmospheric conditions, impacting climate patterns and temperature fluctuations.
It can vary substantially. Whether a planet is a Goldilocks planet is based only on its distance from the star it orbits. If a planet orbits at the right distance that it might be the right temperature to support liquid water, it is called a Goldilocks planet. The nature of the atmosphere would still be affected by factors such as the planet's composition, mass, and evolutionary history.