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What is extra cellular cation?
Extracellular cations are positively charged ions that are found outside of cells in the body. Examples include sodium, calcium, and potassium. These ions play important roles in processes such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and fluid balance.
How does the cytosol differ in composition from the extracellular fluid?
The cytosol contains a higher concentration of proteins and lower levels of sodium ions compared to extracellular fluid. Additionally, the cytosol houses various organelles and structures that are not present in the extracellular fluid.
Which body fluid has same composition as ringers lactate?
Ringer's lactate solution has a composition similar to that of extracellular fluid, particularly interstitial fluid. It contains sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate ions, which mimic the electrolyte balance found in the body’s extracellular compartments. This similarity makes Ringer's lactate suitable for fluid resuscitation and electrolyte replacement in clinical settings.
What affect does lowering extracellular calcium have on the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
Low calcium levels in the extracellular fluid increase the permeability of neuronal membranes to sodium ions, causing a progressive depolarization, which increases the possibility of action potentials. These action potentials may be spontaneously generated, causing contraction of skeletal muscles (tetany).
Does extracellular fluid equal ground substance?
No, extracellular fluid and ground substance are two different components found in tissues. Extracellular fluid is the fluid found outside of cells in the body, while ground substance is a gel-like substance present in the extracellular matrix that contains water, ions, and macromolecules like proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
What happened to the neurotransmitter release when switched from the control extracellular fluid to the extracellular fluid with no calcium?
There is no neurotransmitter release from the axon terminal when there are no calcium ions in the extracellular solution. This is because the exocytosis of the synaptic vesicles is calcium dependent.
What is extra cellular cation?
Extracellular cations are positively charged ions that are found outside of cells in the body. Examples include sodium, calcium, and potassium. These ions play important roles in processes such as nerve signaling, muscle contraction, and fluid balance.
How does the cytosol differ in composition from the extracellular fluid?
The cytosol contains a higher concentration of proteins and lower levels of sodium ions compared to extracellular fluid. Additionally, the cytosol houses various organelles and structures that are not present in the extracellular fluid.
Which body fluid has same composition as ringers lactate?
Ringer's lactate solution has a composition similar to that of extracellular fluid, particularly interstitial fluid. It contains sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate ions, which mimic the electrolyte balance found in the body’s extracellular compartments. This similarity makes Ringer's lactate suitable for fluid resuscitation and electrolyte replacement in clinical settings.
What is the main buffer in the extracellular fluid?
The main buffer in the extracellular fluid is the bicarbonate buffer system, which consists of bicarbonate ions and carbonic acid. This system helps to regulate the pH of the blood by maintaining a balance between H+ ions and bicarbonate ions.
Where would calcium ion be predominantly found?
Calcium ions are predominantly found in the extracellular fluid, including blood plasma. They play a crucial role in various physiological processes such as muscle contraction, nerve function, and bone formation.
What affect does lowering extracellular calcium have on the resting membrane potential of a neuron?
Low calcium levels in the extracellular fluid increase the permeability of neuronal membranes to sodium ions, causing a progressive depolarization, which increases the possibility of action potentials. These action potentials may be spontaneously generated, causing contraction of skeletal muscles (tetany).
Does extracellular fluid equal ground substance?
No, extracellular fluid and ground substance are two different components found in tissues. Extracellular fluid is the fluid found outside of cells in the body, while ground substance is a gel-like substance present in the extracellular matrix that contains water, ions, and macromolecules like proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
Are the principal ions in extracellular fluid sodium and chloride and bicarbonate?
Yes, the principal ions in extracellular fluid are sodium, chloride, and bicarbonate. Sodium and chloride are the major cations and anions, respectively, while bicarbonate helps regulate pH balance in the body.
Smooth ER has several functions including regulating what?
Smooth ER regulates lipid metabolism, synthesizes steroids, detoxifies harmful substances in the liver, and stores calcium ions.
Calcium ions that act as second messengers are stored in?
Calcium ions that act as second messengers are typically stored in the endoplasmic reticulum or the extracellular space. When a signaling event triggers their release, they can quickly enter the cytoplasm to transmit the signal.
Three types of pathways often induced by calcium ions?
Calcium ions can activate the phosphoinositide pathway, leading to the production of second messengers like IP3 and DAG. They also play a role in activating the calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase pathway, which regulates numerous cellular processes. Additionally, calcium ions are involved in activating the calcineurin-NFAT pathway, which regulates gene expression in response to calcium signaling.
