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During the Cenozoic Era, which began around 66 million years ago, evolution played a crucial role in the diversification and adaptation of mammals and birds following the mass extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs. This era saw the rise of mammals to dominant land vertebrates, leading to the development of various forms, such as primates, whales, and large herbivores. Additionally, the Cenozoic was marked by significant climatic changes, which influenced evolutionary pressures and the emergence of new species adapted to different environments. Overall, it was a time of rapid evolutionary change and ecological development.

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