The principal shell that is the lowest to contain a d-subshell is the third shell, or n=3. In this shell, the d-subshell begins to appear, specifically in the 3d sublevel. The d-subshell can be found in principal energy levels n=3 and higher (n=4 for 4d, n=5 for 5d, etc.).
The element with the lowest ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity is francium (Fr). Francium is an alkali metal located at the bottom of Group 1 in the periodic table, which gives it a very low tendency to attract electrons and hold onto its own. Its large atomic size and low effective nuclear charge contribute to these low values, making it the least electronegative element.
The lowest energy level that contains f orbitals is the fourth energy level, which is represented by the principal quantum number n=4. The f orbitals are found within the subshell designated as f.
Hund's rule, which states that electrons must be added one at a time to each orbital in a subshell before pairing up, in order to maximize the total spin of the electrons within that subshell. This ensures that each electron has the same spin within a given orbital.
The electron configuration for chromium is an exception to the Aufbau principle, which states that electrons fill orbitals starting from the lowest energy level. In chromium, one electron from the 4s subshell is promoted to the 3d subshell to achieve a half-filled 3d subshell (3d^5), which provides greater stability due to electron exchange energy and symmetry. This phenomenon is observed in transition metals where electron-electron interactions influence the energy levels of orbitals.
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The principal shell that is the lowest to contain a d-subshell is the third shell, or n=3. In this shell, the d-subshell begins to appear, specifically in the 3d sublevel. The d-subshell can be found in principal energy levels n=3 and higher (n=4 for 4d, n=5 for 5d, etc.).
Francium would be expected to have the lowest ionization energy, as it is located in the alkali metal group at the bottom left of the periodic table. Alkali metals typically have the lowest ionization energies due to their large atomic size and low effective nuclear charge.
The element with the lowest atomic number that contains a half-filled d subshell at its ground state is scandium (atomic number 21). The electron configuration of scandium at ground state is [Ar] 3d^1 4s^2, where the 3d subshell is half-filled with one electron.
The element with the lowest atomic number that has a complete d subshell at its ground state is Titanium (element 22). In its ground state, Titanium's electron configuration is [Ar] 3d2 4s2, which means the 3d subshell is completely filled with 2 electrons.
Transfer of an electron from a higher energy orbit (2s) to a lower energy orbit (1s) is not possible because it would violate the energy conservation principle. Electrons naturally occupy the lowest available energy levels in an atom, following the Aufbau principle. This means electrons will only move to higher energy levels if they absorb energy, not by transferring between lower and higher energy levels.
The element with the lowest ionization energy, electron affinity, and electronegativity is francium (Fr). Francium is an alkali metal located at the bottom of Group 1 in the periodic table, which gives it a very low tendency to attract electrons and hold onto its own. Its large atomic size and low effective nuclear charge contribute to these low values, making it the least electronegative element.
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Barium
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The lowest energy shell that contains f orbitals is the fourth shell (n=4). Within this shell, the f orbitals are found in the subshell with l=3.
The lowest energy level that contains f orbitals is the fourth energy level, which is represented by the principal quantum number n=4. The f orbitals are found within the subshell designated as f.