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1) Any mixture of things typically has properties different than its components.

Examples:

a) Mixing pure elements to make a new chemical compound (e.g. Oxygen plus Carbon can combine to form CO2, which has properties different than either C or O. Carbon monoxide has different properties than CO2)

b) Mixing chemicals - e.g., Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) plus Sodium Hydroxide (NaOH, aka. Lye) combines to form water H2O and ordinary salt (NaCl)

c) Mixing metals forms an Alloy - e.g., Gold plus a little copper yields "red gold" which is harder than pure gold. Lead mixed with tin has a lower melting point than either metal.

d) Agregates - Even a mixure of sand and water to create wet sand has properties (behaviors) different than the separate components (try building a sand castle with dry sand). Mixing paint produces a new color of paint.

2) Phase change

Examples:

a) Water has different properties when frozem, liquid or steam

b) Solid CO2 (aka. Dry Ice) has different properties than gaseous CO2

3) Application of energy

Examples

a) Baking cake batter irreversibly changes the batter into something with different properties (yum!) Frying an egg causes an irreversible property change.

b) Roasting limestone to remove the water of hydration is a important step in making Calcium oxide for use in creating Cement

etc., etc., etc.

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