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Carbohydrate chains on lipids and proteins are found attached to their surfaces, forming glycoproteins and glycolipids. In glycoproteins, carbohydrate chains are covalently bonded to amino acid side chains, typically at asparagine, serine, or threonine residues. In glycolipids, carbohydrate chains are attached to the lipid backbone. These carbohydrate modifications play essential roles in cell recognition, signaling, and forming protective cell coatings.

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