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Ferns first appear in the geologic record about 360 million years ago, but many modern varieties did not appear until the flowering plants appeared, about 145 million years ago.

Ferns have many of the processes of the higher plants, but do not have either seeds or flowers. They reproduce by having spores, which are usually borne on the underside of the fronds.

These spores undergo a second form of growth called a prothallus, and this in turn produces the sperm and egg. The sperm are motile - they can locomote as long as it is wet, and they mate with an egg. After this fertilization, they produce a replica of the original parent plant.

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14y ago

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