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All you need is a Periodic Table. The number of protons is the same as the atomic number - always. The periodic table is organized by increasing atomic number, so finding the number of protons an atom of an element has becomes an exercise of glancing at the table. For example, hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table, with the atomic number of one. This means that it has one proton. The second element on the table (He) with the atomic number of two has two protons, etc.

In a neutral atom, the number of electrons will equal the number of protons. If the number of each subatomic particle is the same, then the atom has a net charge of zero: neutral. If the atom is charged, then it is specifically called an ion. This occurs when there are more protons than electrons or more electrons than protons. To find the number of protons based on charge, just take the element's atomic number (or number of protons) and subtract the value of the charge. For example, lithium forms the ion Li+1. It's atomic number is 3 (meaning it has 3 protons) and 3-1 = 2 electrons.

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