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All of the basic beliefs were preserved except that Kepler discovered from observations by Tycho Brahe that the planets move in elliptical orbits rather than circles and epicycles. Kepler also made the assumption that the Sun is at the centre of the solar system, which allowed much easier geometrical calculations.

Kepler discovered elliptical orbits by studying the orbit of Mars, which is more eccentric than the other known planets (except Mercury which is difficult to observe).

The eccentricity of Mars's orbit is 9.3% which means that the Sun is displaced from the centre of the orbit by 9.3% of the semimajor axis (the average distance from the Sun). In Ptolemy's theory this had been accounted for by having Mars placed on a relatively large epicycle on the basic circular orbit.

Although this orbit has a relatively high eccentricity, the length of the minor axis of this ellipse differs from the major axis by less than 0.5%, which illustrates the magnitude of Kepler's achievement, and it is the reason why elliptical orbits were not discovered before Kepler's time.

Later, Newton's theoretical discoveries led to an understanding of the mechanisms of elliptical orbits.

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Related Questions

How does Kepler and first law of planetary motion overthrow one of the basic beliefs of classical astronomy How about Kepler and second law?

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