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Respiration happens at a cellular level in all the cells of aerobic organisms. This includes all animals, all plants, and most bacteria, protists, and archaebacteria.

Some bacteria, protists, and archaebacteria do not respirate normally, but convert energy by fermentation, either of alcohol or lactic acid variety (the two are distinguished by the waste product, named in each case).

Almost all cells are capable of fermenting sugars, but this less effective energy conversion method is usually only used by aerobic organisms when oxygen is unavailable.

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16y ago

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