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The atmosphere of Venus was discovered in 1761 by a Russian called Mikhail Lomonosov.

Venus's atmosphere was first observed in 1790 by Johann Schröter

Venus hid it's interior secrets until the 20th century, when the development of spectroscopic, radar and ultraviolet observations showed more of its secrets.

It was not until the Russian Venera program, did scientist really find out what the atmosphere and temperature of Venus was really like.

Many Venera probes were sent to Venus, each time gathering a little bit more information. Most suffering from the immense pressure and heat. Some "died" on entry into the atmosphere another from the immense pressure One mission "failed" due to the melting of the "camera lens cap" due to the immense heat.

See related link for a full descriptions of the early probes.

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