Johannes Kepler, using measured planetary positional data provided by Tycho Brahe, showed that the orbits of the planets were ellipses ("flattened circles"), with the Sun at one focus of the eliipse.
Near (in order from closest to farthest): Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Far (same order as before): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Why? I suppose that's just how things worked out when the planets formed from the "protoplanetary disk". The planets have to be spaced apart enough to form stable orbits. Otherwise their mutual gravitational attraction could disrupt their orbits.
i did
If, as ancient astronomers thought, that our Earth was the center point of rotation for other planets, then it is difficult to explain why those planets would move in a direction opposite to their rotation. Ptolemy came up with a solution that worked, but it was a cumbersome one. Nicolae Copernicus was able to show that this retrograde motion could be explained easily if it were assumed that our Sun was the actual center of rotation of the planets.
Earths faster motion makes Mars appear to be going backwards, the backwards motion, in fact, is what caused retrograde motion. --Ptloemy used Epicycles to explain how geocentrical models worked.
The arrangement of the known planets in our solar system and their movements around the Sun were primarily described by Johannes Kepler in the early 17th century. He formulated three laws of planetary motion, which outlined the elliptical orbits of planets and their varying speeds. Additionally, Sir Isaac Newton later provided a theoretical framework for these movements through his law of universal gravitation, explaining how gravity governs the motion of celestial bodies.
I think it was gallilao or Issac newton
He discovered that they were not perfect circles. Also, he was pretty good a math, and devised what are known as "Kepler's Laws of Planetary Motion," by which you can predict the movement of the planets based on their orbital distances and speeds.He worked out that the planets revolve round the Sun in elliptical orbits, with the Sun at one of the two foci.
Copernicus's theory did not fail but it was not as accurate as the Kepler model because it did not include elliptical orbits for the planets, as Kepler's model did. However the data for calculating the elliptical orbits did not become available until well after Copernicus's death so he had no chance of knowing about this change. Copernicus's model which used circles and epicycles was accurate to the standard of the observations that were available to him.
Near (in order from closest to farthest): Mercury, Venus, Earth, and Mars Far (same order as before): Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune. Why? I suppose that's just how things worked out when the planets formed from the "protoplanetary disk". The planets have to be spaced apart enough to form stable orbits. Otherwise their mutual gravitational attraction could disrupt their orbits.
Isaac Newton. Strictly speaking, he said gravity was the force, but he didn't explain how it worked. Nowadays, Einstein's ideas are the best explanation we have of what gravity is.
Through years of research, and a lot of trial and error, Kepler was able to show that three laws accurately describe planetary motion. He was never able to explain WHY these laws worked, he only knew they DID.
The Austrian scientist who developed laws describing the motion of planets is Johannes Kepler. Although he was born in what is now Germany, he worked in Austria and formulated the three laws of planetary motion in the early 17th century. These laws describe the elliptical orbits of planets, the relationship between a planet's orbital period and its distance from the Sun, and the areas swept out by a planet as it orbits. Kepler's work laid the foundation for modern astronomy and greatly advanced our understanding of planetary motion.
It was always a difficult problem in 3D geometry especially when it was believed that the Earth was at the centre of the Universe. To model the problem the ancient Greeks came up with a model of circles and epicycles that worked pretty well in predicting the planets' positions. Copernicus produced an alternative system of circles and epicycles in the 16th century that had the Sun at the centre, which caused raised eyebrows in some places, but as long as it was used and taught as 'only' a theory, no objections were made. Copernicus's model also made predictions that were pretty well confirmed by observations. By the beginning of the 17th century (1600) discrepancies were being noticed. The matter was propelled forward by Tycho Brahe who built some of the best measuring equipment so far seen, and his observations were taken up by his mathematical asistant Johannes Kepler. After long calculations on the orbit of Mars Kepler came up with the new theory that the planets have elliptical orbits. Mars was the best orbit to study because the eccentricity of the orbit is the highest of those planets that are commonly observed. Kepler also assumed the Sun was at the centre. The reason it took 1500 years to find the solution to the problem was that most of the planets have orbits with low eccentricity, which means that they are almost indistinguishable from the eccentric circles provided by the old model with circles and epicycles. For example the Earth's orbit has a minor axis that is only 0.014% smaller than the major axis.
You just run around in circles. Worked for me
Henry McKay and it was concentric circles
i did
If, as ancient astronomers thought, that our Earth was the center point of rotation for other planets, then it is difficult to explain why those planets would move in a direction opposite to their rotation. Ptolemy came up with a solution that worked, but it was a cumbersome one. Nicolae Copernicus was able to show that this retrograde motion could be explained easily if it were assumed that our Sun was the actual center of rotation of the planets.