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HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography) and FPLC (fast protein liquid chromatography) were developed to separate and analyze complex mixtures of compounds and proteins based on their physical and chemical properties. These methods offer high resolution, sensitivity, and throughput compared to traditional chromatography techniques, making them valuable tools in various industries such as pharmaceuticals, biochemistry, and biotechnology.

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Could the separation of the components of a mixture in this experiment have been done in a different order?

Yes, the separation of components in a mixture can often be done in different orders based on the physical and chemical properties of the components. For example, if one component has a significantly different boiling or melting point from the others, it could be separated first using distillation or recrystallization before proceeding with other separation techniques. Experimentation and understanding of the mixture components are important when deciding the order of separation techniques.


What is C18 phase in hplc column?

Both C8 and C18 columns are considered as examples of reversed phase liquid chromatography (RP). The stationary phase here is seen as a thin film of non-polar liquid phase that has been designed to be chemically anchored to an inert material (Silica gel particles). The non-polar layer is chemically linked to the silica particles surface by reaction with the polar silanol groups on the stationary phase surface and so rendering them (less polar or non-polar), The difference between the two columns will be in the length of the carbon-chain attached to the silica surface. Acoordingly C8 hplc columns have packing material composed of silica particles attached to C8 carbon units while C18 will, of course, have packing materials coated with C18 hydrophobic units. Categorically both are reversed phase but C18 columns will definitely be more "hydrophobic rather than the C8 columns.


Who devised a scale to describe wind speed at sea?

The original Beaufort scale was devised by British Admiral Sir Francis Beaufort in the early 19th century to describe wind speed at sea based on its visual effects on ship sails and sea conditions. It has since been modernized to provide a more standardized measurement of wind speed.


What are the indications that the desired substance had been extracted?

Indications that the desired substance had been extracted include a change in color or texture of the extract, separation of layers in the extraction vessel, a decrease in the concentration of the substance in the original material, and the presence of the substance in the extraction solvent.


What is carbon load in hplc column?

Carbon load is the percent by weight of carbon on the stationary phase. It measures how much organic material has been chemically attached to the surface of silica. For a reversed phase column, more carbon load usually means more retention for nonpolar compounds like protines. general rane of carbon load is 8-12%.

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