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Alkali metals have only 1 electron in their outermost (ultimate) shell. This means the atom needs energy to loose only one electron to have a completely filled outermost shell.

Other atoms with 2 or 3 electrons would have needed more than twice or thrice the energy than these to loose electrons.

Hence alkali metals are highly reactive compared to others.

Like alkali metals, who need to LOOSE 1 electron to have a completely filled outermost shell, halogens need to GAIN 1 electron to have a completely filled outermost shell. With the same theory mentioned above, they are highly reactive.

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