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It is all to do with the Aufbau and Pauli exclusion principle. The best way to illustrate is to fill up a bus with single people. They will tend to fill the empty seats first and then start sitting two people to a seat. In the same way due to energy considerations, an orbital can only have a maximum of two spin paired electrons in it. Anymore is energetically unfavorable. The same is true with each energy level. Each one can only hold a certain maximum of electrons.

1 = 2

2 = 8

3 =18

4 = 32

So with iron which has 26 electrons, they need 4 energy levels to fit these electrons in.

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Potassium has four energy level how many energy levels do you predict calcium iron nickel ans zinc will have?

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