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Chromatography is the methods used to separate complex mixtures. The components to be separated are distributed between two phases, a stationary and mobile phase. There are many types of chromatography: Liquid Chromatography, Gas Chromatography, Thin-layer Chromatography, and Paper Chromatography. As the separation occurs, a mixture is separated into its components. As a result, the molecules of the components have different masses, and so they travel along a medium at different rates.

The process of chromatography can be used on a T-shirt. The mobile phase would be the alcohol and the stationary phase is the permanent markers. The solvent is the alcohol and the solutes are the marks made by the permanent markers. When the solvent, in this case, the alcohol, is distributed onto the shirt, some of the marks dissolve in the solvent. After a period of time, the marks on the medium, the T-shirt, end up spread out between the original spot and the point the solvent reaches. In designing the shirt, the alcohol spread the marker making concentric rings of different colors. This effect of concentric rings occurs since the different components of the permanents markers travel at different rates.

In any chemical or bio-processing industry, the need to separate and purify a product from a complex mixture is a necessary and important step in the production line. For example, pharmaceutical industry uses chromatography to isolate penicillin and other antibiotics. Proteins can even be separated into amino acids through the process of chromatography. Chromatography is also used in crime scene investigation for DNA and RNA sequencing as well as in many scientific studies to identify unknown organic and inorganic compounds. This separation of mixtures is useful to us in various ways.

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