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If our entire Universe was once so dense that all protons and neutrons were crammed together as tightly as they are in nuclei, and this time of density for our entire Universe lasted about fifteen minutes, then we can calculate the probability of some nucleons (ie, protons and neutrons) joining together to form helium nuclei versus the odds of others not doing so. Calculations show that such a "soup" would, given the density of nucleons and the time for combination, result in about 8% of the resulting nuclei would joing to form helium, while almost all the rest would remain as singular protrons -- ie, hydrogen. In addition, this ratio is VERY sensitive to both the density of nucleons and the time they are close enough to join together. Increase or decrease the density or time by just a factor of two, and the ratios would be very different.

Remarkably, this ratio of hydrogen to helium matches almost exactly what we find in all parts of our Universe.

Big Bang Cosmology is alone in correctly predicting this ratio; no other hypothesis can explain why helium is more than 1% of our Universe. Proponents of these hypotheses are left to say, "That's just the way our Universe is, and there's no explanation why it would be that way."

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