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Soap molecules are composed of long nonpolar "tails" with polar, negatively charged "heads" that arrange in a micelle formation: nonpolar interior, with a polar exterior shell surrounded by polar water. The polar exterior of soap micelles is negatively charged, and these negative charges repel one micelle from another, preventing coagulation. Soap is more effective in freshwater because higher salt ion concentration in seawater disrupts the ability of water to interact with the polar shells of micelles (fewer micelles can form in seawater because of the high concentration of salt ions in solution).

Answer for Ott's Chem 102

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