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Earth has an atmosphere, water, and plate tectonics. Rivers, glaciers and, to a lesser degree, wind, are constantly weathering Earth's surface, carving valleys and breaking down mountains. Moving tectonic plates thrust up mountain ranges and recycle the ocean floor. Volcanoes create fresh, new surface material.

Mercury and the moon have none of these features. They are geologically dead. Collisions with asteroids and comets are the only significant forces that shape their surfaces, so they are covered in impact craters. Other than these craters, the surfaces of these objects have not changed since they first formed. Many of the craters themselves formed when the solar system was young and collisions were more common.

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