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To move substances against a concentration gradient specialist proteins are required (e.g. the 'sodium pump')

For these proteins to transport the solutes against the gradient a unit of ATP binds to the protein which allows it to 'pump' the ion out of the cell. The breaking of the ATP bond releases the energy required.


To provide an analogy, imagine pumping water up a hill - you would not be able to do this without inputting energy into the system (i.e. using a hand pump).

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