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Carbon has 4 valencies and so can combine with a variety of chemical groups.

Eg.

Aldose sugars such as glucose have a H-C=O (alehyde group).

Ketose sugars such as fructose have a C=O (ketone group).

These two sugars are reducing sugars.

In amino acids the alpha carbon bonds to - a H, a NH2 (amino), a COOH (acid) and an R group, giving amino acids completely different properties to sugars.

In fatty acids the tails are made of CH2CH2CH....(saturated) or CH2CH=CHCH2..(unsaturated) with a terminal COOH, again having different properties as a result.

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