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The earth's axis is not exactly parallel with the axis of it's solar orbit. The earth tilts slightly. And that tilt is not constant, it varies between 22.1 and 24.5 degrees. For part of the year, the northern hemisphere tilts toward the sun, making the days longer in the north. This equates to the summer season in the northern hemisphere. At that same time, the Southern Hemisphere is tilted away from the sun. This is the winter season for the southern hemisphere. When the northern axis tilts away from the sun, the nights are significantly longer than the days. The day in which the tilt is closest to the sun is called the summer solstice for that hemisphere. The same day will be winter solstice for the other hemisphere. Midway between the two annual solstices are the equinoxes. An equinox is when the tilt is not pointed towards or away from the sun.

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