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Infections caused by gram-negative bacteria can be more challenging to treat due to the presence of an outer membrane that acts as a barrier to many antibiotics and antimicrobial agents. This outer membrane contains lipopolysaccharides, which can also trigger strong immune responses and contribute to virulence. Additionally, gram-negative bacteria often possess efflux pumps that actively expel antibiotics, and they can acquire resistance genes more readily through horizontal gene transfer. In contrast, gram-positive bacteria lack this protective outer membrane, making them generally more susceptible to a wider range of antibiotics.

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