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Compré muchas cosas ayer Ahora no tengo mucho dinero Sólo you cinco dólares?
Wiki User
∙ 14y ago
question inEnglish :I bought many things yesterday. I do not have much money. _____ I only five dollars.
Spanish: quedan
English: are
Wiki User
∙ 14y ago
Wiki User
∙ 11y agoTranslation:I bought a lot of things yesterday and now I don't have much money, only 5 dollars
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What is the stem of the verb comprar?
Compr- is the stem.
How do you preform Air compressor maintenance?
d funcn f a cmprsr s 2 take a calculated amunt f gas means air nd deliverit at d required pressur.both type m/c r used ie 1.reciprocating type nd 2.rotary type. type-1 s used 2 hv low mass rate f flow nd high prsur ratios nd type-2 s used 2 hv high mass rate f flow at low prsur ratios. fr high performence f compr we used multi stage comprsrs na wit inter cooling . they helps fr improveing d effciency ie volumatric effciency nd they r reduces d overall size comprsrs .
What is petameth?
A Prescription medication for liver and related digestive illnesses. Generic: L-Methionine Use: Lipotropic, antiulcer agent and antidote for paracites A lipotropic nutrient is one that promotes or encourages the export of fat from the liver. Lipotropics are necessary for the maintenance of a healthy liver as well as burning the exported fat for additional energy. Without lipotropics such as choline and inositol, fats and bile can become trapped in the liver, causing severe problems such as cirrhosis and blocking fat metabolism. Choline is essential for fat metabolism. Choline functions as a methyl donor and it is required for proper liver function. Like inositol, choline is a lipotropic. Inositol exerts lipotropic effects as well. An "unofficial" member of the B vitamins, inositol has even been shown to relieve depression and panic attacks. Methionine, an essential amino acid, is the major lipotropic compound in humans. When estrogen levels are high, the body requires more methionine. Estrogens reduce bile flow through the liver and increase bile cholesterol levels. Methionine helps deactivate estrogens. Synonym: Met; M; 2-amino-4-(methylthio)butyric acid; alpha-amino-gamma-methylmercaptobutyric acid; (S)-2-amino-4-(methylthio)butanoic acid; gamma-methylthio-alpha-aminobutyric acid Acimetion, A-D-R, Ametionol, Amurex, Athinon, Banthionine, Cynaron, Cystimeth, Diameth, Dyprin, Glimetionil, Hepathion, Hepathionine, Hepionin, Lipometionina, Lipomine, Lobamine, Menine, Meonine, Mertionin, Methilanin, Methiocon, Methiol, Methiolon, Methion, Methonini, Methurine, Meti-Caps, Metiogran, Metionalfa, Metione, Metiona, Metiosil, Metiotrop, Monile, Neo-Methidin, Neston, Ninol, Odonil, Odor-Scrip, Oradash, Pedameth, Petameth, Purmetion, Racemethionine, Thiomedon, Transmetilan-Compr., Ulcostop, Uracid, Urimeth, Urometh, Urosamine, Methionine,9CI,INN;(S)-form .
What were the flaws of the Compromise of 1850?
The Compromise of 1850 required that all northern states turn over slaves that escape the south to these territories. The Compromise of 1850 ended when the north refused to follow these stipulations.
French verbs difference between regular and irregular?
I'm pretty sure this is the difference...but I'm not french so don't expect it to be the best one. Irregular is like the verb aller(to go) in french; it was completely different endings. Here are the endings for aller:Je vais (I go)Tu as (you go)Il/Elle va (He/She goes)Nous allons (We go)Vous allez (You go)*Ils vont (They go)**Let's just put it like this: Irregular verbs are the ones that end differently. If it was english, it would be verbs like "buy". (The past tense would be "bought".)The regular verbs are the ones like "walk" in english. (The past tense:walked)Regular and irregular verbs all have teminations. I suggest you go to about.com for more information, because they have exellent explanations.* you use the word vous is used for important people, elders, etc. etc. (example: the president) OR when you're talking to a lot of people and you're calling all of them "you". It that case, it would be like a plural "you".**The word Ils is for "They". The feminine form of it is Elles, but if the "they" is both girl and boys, it would automatically be Ils.
Breast PET scan?
DefinitionA breast positron emission tomography (PET) scan is an imaging test that uses a radioactive substance (called a tracer) to look for breast cancer. This tracer can help identify areas of cancer that an MRI or CT scan may miss.See also: PET scanAlternative NamesBreast positron emission tomography; PET - breast; PET - tumor imaging - breastHow the test is performedA PET scan requires a small amount of radioactive material (tracer). This tracer is given through a vein (IV), usually on the inside of your elbow. It travels through your blood and collects in organs and tissues. The tracer helps the radiologist see certain areas or diseases more clearly.You will need to wait nearby as the tracer is absorbed by your body. This usually takes about 1 hour.Then, you will lie on a narrow table, which slides into a large tunnel-shaped scanner. The PET scanner detects signals from the tracer. A computer changes the results into 3-D pictures. The images are displayed on a monitor for your doctor to read.You must lie still during test. Too much movement can blur images and cause errors.How long the test takes depends on what part of the body is being scanned.The test takes about 90 minutes.How to prepare for the testYou may be asked not to eat anything for 4 - 6 hours before the scan. You will be able to drink water.Tell your health care provider if:You are afraid of close spaces (have claustrophobia). You may be given a medicine to help you feel sleepy and less anxious.You are pregnant or think you might be pregnant.You have any allergies to injected dye (contrast).You have take insulin for diabetes. You will need special preparation.Always tell your health care provider about the medicines you are taking, including those bought without a prescription. Sometimes, medications may interfere with the test results.How the test will feelYou may feel a sharp sting when the needle containing the tracer is placed into your vein.A PET scan causes no pain. The table may be hard or cold, but you can request a blanket or pillow.An intercom in the room allows you to speak to someone at any time.There is no recovery time, unless you were given a medicine to relax.Why the test is performedA PET scan is most often used when other tests, such as MRI scan or CT scan, do not provide enough information.A breast PET scan is used only after a woman has been diagnosed with breast cancer. It is done to see if the cancer has spread to other parts of the body such as lymph nodes, liver, lung or bones.If you have breast cancer, your doctor may order this scan:Soon after your diagnosis to see if the cancer has spreadAfter treatment if there is concern that the cancer has come backDuring treatment to see if the cancer is responding to treatmentA PET scan is not used to screen for, or diagnose, breast cancer.Normal ValuesA normal result means there are no areas outside the breast in which the radiotracer has abnormally collected. This result most likely means the breast cancer has not spread to other parts of the body.Very small areas of breast cancer may not show up on a PET scan.What abnormal results meanAbnormal results may mean that breast cancer that has spread.What the risks areThe amount of radiation used in a PET scan is low. It is about the same amount of radiation as in most CT scans. Also, the radiation doesn't last for very long in your body.Women who are pregnant or are breastfeeding should let their doctor know before having this test. Infants and babies developing in the womb are more sensitive to the effects of radiation because their organs are still growing.It is possible, although very unlikely, to have an allergic reaction to the radioactive substance. Some people have pain, redness, or swelling at the injection site.Special considerationsIt is possible to have false results on a PET scan. Blood sugar or insulin levels may affect the test results in people with diabetes.Most PET scans are now performed along with a CT scan. This combination scan is called a PET/CT.ReferencesPodoloff DA, Ball DW, Ben-Josef E, et al. NCCN task force: clinical utility of PET in a variety of tumor types. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2009 Jun 7. Suppl 2:S1-26. Review.Hackney D. Radiologic imaging procedures. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 419.Reviewed ByReview Date: 06/27/2010Debra G. Wechter, MD, FACS, General Surgery practice specializing in breast cancer, Virginia Mason Medical Center, Seattle, Washington. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.
Stereotactic radiosurgery?
DefinitionStereotactic radiosurgery is a form of radiation therapy that focuses high-powered x-rays on a small area of the body.With regular radiation therapy treatment, the healthy tissue nearby also receives radiation.Stereotactic radiosurgery better focuses the radiation on the abnormal area.Despite its name, radiosurgery is a form of radiation therapy, not a surgical procedure.Alternative NamesGamma knife; Cyberknife; Stereotactic radiotherapy (SRT); Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT); Fractionated stereotactic radiotherapy; Cyclotrons; Linear accelerator; Linacs; Proton beam radiosurgeryDescriptionDuring treatment, you will lie on a table, which slides into a machine that delivers radiation beams. The machine may rotate around you while it works.Sometimes, a head frame may be attached to your scalp to keep you very still during therapy. There are many different machines used to perform stereotactic radiosurgery. Some machines require the use of a frame.You may need small pins or anchors that go through your skin, but not into your skull or bone.If this is done the area will be cleaned, your skin will be numbed and you may be given medicine to help you relax. You will be awake and able to talk.At other times, a special plastic mask that is fitted for your face may be used.An MRI, MR angiography, or CT scan is then done to help plan the procedure. You will wait while your doctor reviews the results and plans your treatment. Sometimes, the scans are scheduled a few days in advance.During the actual treatment, you will be alone in the room. The nurses and doctors will be able to see you on cameras, and hear you and talk with you on microphones.The radiation usually takes only about 30 minutes to 1 hour. Some patients may receive more than one treatment session, but usually no more than five sessions.Why the Procedure Is PerformedStereotactic radiosurgery is often used to slow down the growth of small, deep brain tumors that are hard to remove during surgery. Such therapy may also be used in patients who are unable to have surgery, such as the elderly or those who are very sick. Radiosurgery may also be used after surgery to treat any remaining abnormal tissue.Stereotactic radiosurgery was once limited to brain tumors, but today it may be used to treat many other diseases and conditions.Brain and nervous system tumors:Brain metastasesAcoustic neuroma and other head and neck (nasopharyngeal) cancersPituitary tumorsSpinal cord tumorsCancer of the eye (uveal melanoma)Other conditions:Blood vessel problems such as arteriovenous malformationsMovement disordersParkinson's diseaseSome types of epilepsyTrigeminal neuralgiaOther cancers for which radiosurgery is either being used or studied include:Liver cancerLung cancerProstate cancerRisksRadiosurgery may damage tissue around the area being treated. Brain swelling may occur in people who received treatment to the brain. Swelling usually goes away, but some people may need medicine to control long-term swelling.Before the ProcedureBefore the treatment, you will have MRI or CT scans. Using these images, a computer creates a 3-D (three dimensional) map of the tumor area. This planning process helps your neurosurgeon and radiation oncologist determine the specific treatment area.The day before your procedure:Do not use any hair creams or hair spray.Do not eat or drink anything after midnight unless told otherwise by your doctor.The day of your procedure:Wear comfortable clothing.Bring your regular prescription medicines with you to the hospital.Do not wear jewelry, makeup, nail polish, or a wig or hairpiece.You will be asked to remove contact lenses, eyeglasses, and dentures.You will change into a hospital gown.An intravenous (lV) line will be placed into your arm to deliver contrast material, medicines, and fluids.After the ProcedureOften, you will be able to go home about an hour after the treatment is finished. You should arrange for someone to drive you home. Most people go back to their regular activities the next day, if there are no complications such as swelling. Some patients are kept in the hospital overnight for monitoring.Outlook (Prognosis)The effects of radiosurgery may take weeks or months to be seen. The prognosis depends on the condition being treated. Many times, your health care provider will monitor your progress using imaging tests such as MRI and CT scans.ReferencesRomanelli P, Anschel DJ. Radiosurgery for epilepsy. Lancet Neurol. 2006;5:613-620.Zivin JA. Hemorrhagic Cerbrovascular Disease. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D. Goldman: Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, PA: Saunders Elsevier;2007:chap 432.Welling DB, Packer MD. Stereotactic radiation treatment of benign tumors of the cranial basae. In: Flint PW, Haughey BH, Lund VJ, Niparko JK, Richardson MA, eds. Cummings Otolaryngology: Head & Neck Surgery. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier;2010:chap 179.Barbaro NM, Quigg M, Broshek DK, Ward MM, Lamborn KR, Laxer KD, et al. A multicenter prospective pilot study of gamma knife radiosurgery for mesial temporal lobe epilepsy: seizure response, adverse events, and verbal memory. Ann Neurol. 2009;65:167-175.Ewend MG, Morris DE, Carey LA, Ladha AM, Brem S. Guidelines for the initial management of metastatic brain tumors: role of surgery, radiosurgery, and radiation therapy. J Natl Compr Canc Netw. 2008;6:505-513.Suh JH. Stereotactic radiosurgery for the management of brain metastases. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1119-1127.Linskey ME, Andrews DW, Asher AL, Burri SH, Kondziolka D, Robinson PD, et al. The role of stereotactic radiosurgery in the management of patients with newly diagnosed brain metastases: a systematic review and evidence-based clinical practice guideline. J Neurooncol. 2010;96:45-68. Epub 2009 Dec. 4.
How do you replace the head gasket located on a 1995 Ford Windstar?
big job. beyond scope of most do-it yourselfers. must be level and indoors. can be done in the vehicle, but very tough work. radio off before disconnecting battery battery disconnected before disconnecting fuel system. the coolant must be drained, and then evacuated from the head. if there is some coolant still in the head when it comes off, it will fall into the cylinders and contaminate the cylinder wall, the piston rings, and the oil. This must be cleaned off, since ethylene glycol will strip metal oxides from those materials, creating a squeaky clean spot that will not re-wet with oil until the detergents in the oil have reduced the glycol. cylinder wall damage will occur long before that is accomplished. No coolant in the head. timing belt must be removed, so timing alignment must be marked off with a paint pen on the pulley, the belt and the timing cover on all 3 gears before removing belt, or factory timing marks will be used, which are referenced to compression stroke TDC on #1 cylinder. Do you know how to tell compression TDC from exhaust TDC? camshaft must be removed on OHC engines, so cam timing must also be marked between cam and rear journal for #1cyl-TDC-Compr with ink, not paint. If you reassemble the engine with cam at exhaust TDC and pistons at compression TDC, the engine will be destroyed when you start it. camshaft removal requires measuring the precise fit of cam bearings and end-play. these same numbers must be acheived upon re-assembly or the cam bearings fail. the torque on the camshaft bearing caps must be exact, not just close, or the bearings will concentrate too much heat at the splits, and will wipe out in a few hundred miles the cylinder head bolts must be untorqued in the reverse order of the torque pattern they are torqued down in, and must be untorqued in stages of 20 ft-lbs 15 minutes apart to relax the metal at the deck surfaces evenly, to minimize warpage. when the bolts are re-installed, the bolts are loaded to final torque in stages also. the bolt holes must be meticulously cleaned with a high quality tap, and the bolt threads must be thoroughly cleaned with a high quality die. Bolts must be lubricated before re-installation, to prevent turning friction from contributing to the torque wrench readings. If the torque wrench is not chaecked at an instrument calibration shop, what proof do you have that you set the tension correctly on those bolts? when the head is removed, all trash and pieces of gasket must be recovered from down in the cylinders on the piston heads, including the metal fragments from tapping the bolt holes. the block surface and the head deck surface that interface at the gasket must both be perfectly straight with no warpage or dings. the maximum spec for warpage is about .0025 inches for the head and .0020 for the block. this typically requires planing by a machine shop, who may require the heads to be stripped. Do you have a depth micrometer and a machinist straight edge accurate enough and long enough to check these planar dimensions? the head and block must be carefully inspected under bright light for cracks, which are found on about 20% of head jobs. Un-repaired cracks will make replacing the gasket a total waste of time. removing the exhaust and intake requires lubricating all the bolts with penetrating oil 2 hours prior to un-torquing, and even then one or two bolts will strip, snap or round off the head, requiring careful extraction to avoid damaging the head bolt hole. drilling and tapping is not usually an option on a damaged hole, because the wall thickness reduction creates a leak, a stress crack, or alters heat flow profile in surrounding metal, which sets up excessive thermal stress differentials which produce warpage or cracks further down the axis of strain on the adjacent cylinder. the crankshaft bolt is removed for timing belt removal (not really necessary if you let the belt hang away from the engine in-place while the head is off). This bolt's torque exceeds the static friction on the crankshaft, and it will turn if the flywheel ring gear is not trapped. If you do not use an impact wrench, the force you will have to generate with a conventional beaker bar will place excessive off-axis twist on this bolt, and may bend it. prper counter-force means pushing against the socket shoulder opposite the direction of pull on the bar handle. this reuires two strong people, one man simply cannot apply sufficient leverage to both points at the same time with the vehicle on the ground. during reassembly, there can be no hanging weight ion the exhaust manifold as the manifold bolts(cleaned, tapped, lubricated) are loaded. cracking the manifold is such a threat, these torques are done in stages, and pre-heating the manifold to 300F in an oven is a very good safeguard against cracks. there is more to it, and any Haynes manual will cover the removal and replacement steps, but if you compare these notes to what you find in a repair manual, you gain some idea of why a shop should be doing this, not you. good luck. If you attempt this, don't skimp on the torque wrench or the taps. If you cannot get a measurement right, or a good fit over a bolt-head, don't just go for it. Get the more precise thing you need. Remember that at any step in this 400 step process, a $20 decision can destroy a $3000 motor. get a haynes manual its not as hard as that guy tries to say it is,on a 95 3.8 the only things removed are the altanator,power steering,intake manafold,exhaust manafold,and the head,,haynes manual has all the steps to take apart and put back together and all the torque's.A torque wrench can be got at sears The long explain above is actually correct, but misguided. Let's look at the big picture here. Would it make sense to do a $3k engine job to a $3k van with a tranny that's soon to need replacement if not already? If you can follow directions and have the tools and time, buy the Ford shop manual from the dealer and get going with it. But you'll still have a $3k van, even with a rebuilt powertrain.
Breast MRI scan?
DefinitionA magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan of the breast is a noninvasivemethod to create detailed pictures of the breast and surrounding tissues. It may be done in combination with mammography or ultrasound. However, it is not a replacement for mammography.Unlike x-raysand computed tomographic (CT) scans, which use radiation, MRI uses powerful magnets and radio waves. The MRI scanner contains the magnet. The magnetic field produced by an MRI is about 10 thousand times greater than the earth's.The magnetic field forces hydrogen atoms in the body to line up in a certain way (similar to how the needle on a compass moves when you hold it near a magnet). When radio waves are sent toward the lined-up hydrogen atoms, they bounce back, and a computer records the signal. Different types of tissues send back different signals.Single MRI images are called slices. The images can be stored on a computer or printed on film. One exam produces dozens or sometimes hundreds of images.See also:Breast self-examBreast ultrasoundMammographyAlternative NamesMRI - breast; Magnetic resonance imaging - breastHow the test is performedYou may be asked to wear a hospital gown or clothing without metal fasteners (such as sweatpants and a t-shirt). Certain types of metal can cause inaccurate images.You will lie on your stomach with your breasts hanging down into cushioned openings. The narrow table slides into the middle of the MRI machine.Some exams require a special dye (contrast). The dye is usually given before the test through a vein (IV) in your hand or forearm. The dye helps the radiologist see certain areas more clearly.During the MRI, the person who operates the machine will watch you from another room. Several sets of images are usually needed, each taking 2 - 15 minutes. Depending on the type of equipment, the exam may take 30 minutes to 1 hour.How to prepare for the testYou may be asked not to eat or drink anything for 4 - 6 hours before the scan.Before the test, tell the radiologist if you currently undergo dialysis, as this may affect whether you can have IV contrast.If you fear confined spaces (have claustrophobia), tell your doctor before the scan. You may be given a medicine to help you feel sleepy or less anxious, or your doctor may recommend an "open" MRI, in which the machine is not as close to the body.The strong magnetic fields created during an MRI can interfere with certain implants, particularly pacemakers. Persons with cardiac pacemakers cannot have an MRI and should not enter an MRI area.You may not be able to have an MRI if you have any of the following metallic objects in your body:Brain aneurysm clipsCertain artificial heart valvesInner ear (cochlear) implantsRecently placed artificial jointsSome older types of vascular stentsTell your health care provider if you have one of these devices when scheduling the test, so the exact type of metal can be determined.Before an MRI, sheet metal workers or any person that may have been exposed to small metal fragments should receive a skull x-ray to check for metal in the eyes.Because the MRI contains a magnet, metal-containing objects such as pens, pocketknives, and eyeglasses may fly across the room. This can be dangerous, so they are not allowed into the scanner area.Other metallic objects are also not allowed into the room:Items such as jewelry, watches, credit cards, and hearing aids can be damaged.Pins, hairpins, metal zippers, and similar metallic items can distort the images.Removable dental work should be taken out just before the scan.How the test will feelAn MRI exam causes no pain. Some people may become anxious inside the scanner. If you have difficulty lying still or are very anxious, you may be given a mild sedative. Excessive movement can blur MRI images and cause errors.The table may be hard or cold, but you can request a blanket or pillow. The machine produces loud thumping and humming noises when turned on. You can wear ear plugs to help reduce the noise.An intercom in the room allows you to speak to the person operating the scanner at any time. Some MRIs have televisions and special headphones that you can use to help the time pass.There is no recovery time, unless you need sedation. After an MRI scan, you can resume your normal diet, activity, and medications.Why the test is performedMRI provides detailed pictures of the breast. It also provides clear pictures of parts of the breast that are difficult to see clearly on ultrasound or mammogram.Breast MRI may also be performed to:Check for more cancer in the same breast or the other breast after breast cancer has been diagnosedDistinguish between scar tissue and tumors in the breastEvaluate a breast lump (usually after biopsy)Evaluate an abnormal result on a mammogram or breast ultrasoundEvaluate for possible rupture of breast implantsFind any cancer that remains after surgery or chemotherapyGuide a biopsy (rare)Screen for cancer in women at very high risk for breast cancer (such as those with a strong family history)Screen for cancer in women with very dense breast tissueAn MRI of the breast can also show:Blood flow through the breast areaBlood vessels in the breast areaWhat abnormal results meanResults depend on the nature of the problem. Different types of tissues send back different MRI signals. For example, healthy tissue sends back a slightly different signal than cancerous tissue.Abnormal results may be due to:Breast cancerCystsLeaking or ruptured breast implantsConsult your health care provider with any questions and concerns.What the risks areMRI contains no ionizing radiation. To date, there have been no documented significant side effects of the magnetic fields and radio waves used on the human body.The most common type of contrast (dye) used is gadolinium. It is very safe. Allergic reactions to the substance rarely occur. The person operating the machine will monitor your heart rate and breathing.MRI is usually not recommended for acute trauma situations, because tractionand life-support equipment cannot safely enter the scanner area and the exam can take quite a bit of time.People have been harmed in MRI machines when they did not remove metal objects from their clothes or when metal objects were left in the room by others.Special considerationsBreast MRI is more sensitive than mammogram, especially when it is performed using contrast dye. However, breast MRI may not always be able to distinguish breast cancer from noncancerous breast growths. This can lead to a false positive result.MRI also cannot pick up tiny pieces of calcium (microcalcifications), which mammogram can detect.A biopsy is needed to confirm the results of a breast MRI.ReferencesSaslow D, Boetes C, Burke W, Harms S, Leach MO, Lehman CD, et al. American Cancer Society guidelines for breast screening with MRI as an adjunct to mammography. CA Cancer J Clin. 2007;57:75-89.Lehman CD, DeMartini W, Anderson BO, Edge SB. Indications for breast MRI in the patient with newly diagnosed breast cancer. JNCCN. 2009;7:193-201.Morris EA. Diagnostic breast MR imaging: current status and future directions. Radiol Clin N Am. 2007;45:863-880.Liberman L. Breast MR imaging in assessing extent of disease. Magn Reson Imaging Clin N Am. 2006;14:339-349.Sukumvanich P, Borgen P. Diseases of the breast. In: Rakel RE, Bope ET, eds. Conn's Current Therapy 2008. 60th ed. Philadelphia, Pa:Saunders Elsevier;2008:chap 260.
Colorectal polyps?
Polyps are benign growths of the colon lining. They can be unrelated to cancer, precancerous, or malignant. Polyps, when identified, are removed for diagnosis. If the polyps are benign, the patient should undergo careful surveillance
CA-125?
DefinitionCA-125 is a test used to evaluate ovarian cancer treatment. CA-125 is a protein that is found more in ovarian cancer cells than in other cells. This protein enters the bloodstream and can be measured by a blood test.There are two CA-125 tests: a first generation test and a second generation test. The second generation test is now more widely used and is generally more accurate.How the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.How to prepare for the testNo preparation is necessary.How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing.Why the test is performedThe test is often used to follow women who have already been diagnosed with ovarian cancer. In these cases, the CA-125 is a very good indicator of whether a patient is responding to treatment, and whether a patient remains in remission after treatment. In general, the CA-125 is not a good test to screen healthy women for ovarian cancer.The test may also be done if a woman has symptoms or findings on ultrasound that suggest ovarian cancer.Normal ValuesThe normal values for a CA-125 depend on the lab running the test. In general, levels above 35 U/mL are considered abnormal.Normal value ranges may vary slightly among different laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.What abnormal results meanIn a woman with known ovarian cancer, a rise in CA-125 usually means that the disease has progressed or recurred. A decrease in CA-125 usually means the disease is responding to treatment.In a woman who has NOT already been diagnosed with ovarian cancer, an elevated CA-125 can mean a number of things. While it can indicate that she has ovarian cancer, it can also indicate other types of cancer, as well as several benign diseases such as endometriosis.When used in healthy women, an elevated CA-125 usually does NOT mean ovarian cancer is present. The vast majority of healthy women with an elevated CA-125 do not have ovarian cancer (or any other cancer for that matter). The "false positive" rate for this group of women is high.Any woman with an abnormal CA-125 test will need further tests, and sometimes invasive surgical procedures, to confirm the result. These additional tests all involve risks and anxiety.Therefore, the CA-125 should not be considered an effective general screening test for ovarian cancer. Studies are underway to determine whether it might be effective when combined with other blood tests or radiologic studies.What the risks areVeins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)ReferencesDann RB, et al. Strategies for ovarian cancer prevention. Obstet Gynecol Clin North Am. 2007;34(4):667-686.Goonewardene TI, et al. Management of asymptomatic patients on follow-up for ovarian cancer with rising CA-125 concentrations. Lancet Oncol. 2007;8(9):813-821.National Comprehensive Cancer Network. NCCN Practice Guidelines in Oncology: Ovarian cancer. 2009; v2.
Breast self exam?
Look everyday into the mirror and examine your breasts, see if there are any visible changes, few women's breasts are symmetrical, that is okay, just look for change. The best time for the exam is after your period, less tenderness and/or engorgement, do the exam approx. once a month, learn how they feel so you will notice any changes. Perform the exam in the shower, you will be relaxed and the warm soapy water makes the exam easier. Watch for changes in the skin, such as dimpling. See if there is a nipple discharge, particularly if there is bloodBegin at 12:00 on the breast using the opposite hand, make small circles with your fingers feeling for anything new or different under the skin, start at the nipple and work your way out to the edge of the breast. Next, do the same thing at 1:00, 2:00, etc, all the way around the breast. Then repeat on the opposite breast. Do not forget that the tail of the breast extends into the axilla or armpit, feel under your arm for any lumps, cysts, lymph nodes, etc. If you feel something new, chances are it is a cyst, but make an appointment for after your period to have your doctor check and make sure everything is okay.Approximately 1:8 women in America will have a diagnosis of Breast Cancer in their lifetime! Early detection is the key to beating this disease!GET YOU ANNUAL MAMMOGRAM, ESPECIALLY IF YOUR FAMILY HAS A HISTORY OF WOMEN WITH BREAST CANCER AT A YOUG AGE! ANNUAL MAMMOGRAMS BEGINNING AT AGE 40 IF NOT SOONER!IT IS RARE, BUT YOUNG WOMEN CAN GET BREAST CANCER, BE AN ADVOCATE FOR YOURSELF, AN ULTRASOUND CAN TELL IF A MASS IS SOLID OR CYSTIC, NOT ALL MASSES ARE CANCER, BUT ONLY A BIOPSY CAN TELL THE DIFFERENCE!DIGITAL MAMMOGRAMS ARE MORE SENSITIVE AND ARE BETTER AT DETECTING A MASS THAN CONVENTIONAL MAMMOGRAMS, FIND OUT IF YOUR LOCAL HOSPITAL HAS A DIGITAL MACHINE, IF NOT INSIST YOUR DOCTOR SEND TO A PLACE THAT DOES! THIS IS OF PARTICULAR IMPORTANCE TO WOMEN WHO HAVE VERY DENSE BREASTS!
