What does carte de travail mean in French?

Answer 1

"Carte" is roughly similar to "card" in English. "La carte" has the following meanings:

1. A sheet of paper (as in "carte blanche")

2. A map or chart

3. A playing card

4. A calling card, business card, postcard, ticket, piece of ID etc.

5. A restaurant menu or wine list (as in "à la carte")

Answer 2

'une carte de travail' was a document stating that as a foreigner you were allowed to work in France. It came as a card, hence the name. It is no longer needed for most nationalities.