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The word 'by' can be translated in quite a few ways in Japanese. Some words that correspond to the English word 'by' areに (ni), で (de),までに (madeni) and のそばに(no soba ni).
  • に (ni) - used when something is affected by an action (noun takes passive role)- Example:リンゴがチャーリー食べられた (ringo ga chaarii ni taberareta) - "The apple was eaten by Charlie."
  • で (de) - used to mean 'by means of' or just 'by'
    Example:行った (kuruma de itta) - "I went bycar."
  • までに (madeni) - used to mean 'by [a certain time]' or 'before'
    Example:10月までにスペイン語がペラペラに話せるようになりたい (juugatsu madeni supeingo ga perapera ni hanaseru you ni naritai) - "I want to be able to speak Spanish fluently by October."
  • のそばに (no soba ni) - can be used to mean 'by', 'near', 'close to'
    Example:のそばに住んでいる (yama no soba ni sundeiru) - "I live by a mountain."


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Q: What is the word 'by' when translated from English to Japanese?
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