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What are the methods to minimize the effects of errors in measurement?
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∙ 10y ago
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∙ 10y ago
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In the engineering design process why would you need to repeat some steps in the process?
To have little room for errors.
What is Human Factors Engineering?
Human Factors Engineering is the discipline of applying what is known about human capabilities and limitations to the design of products, processes, systems, and work environments. It can be applied to the design of all systems having a human interface, including hardware and software. Its application to system design improves ease of use, system performance and reliability, and user satisfaction, while reducing operational errors, operator stress, training requirements, user fatigue, and product liability.
Why Software doesn't wear out explain?
Hardware Failure Rates The illustration below depicts failure rate as a function of time for hardware. The relationship, often called the "bathtub curve," indicates the typical failure rate of individual components within a large batch. It shows that in say a batch of 100 products, a relatively large number will fail early on before settling down to a steady rate. Eventually, age and wear and tear get the better of all them and failure rates rise again near the end of the products life. To assist in quality control, many new batches of products are 'soak' tested for maybe 24 hours in a hostile environment (temperature/humidity/variation etc.) to pinpoint those that are likely to fail early on in their life, this also highlights any inherent design/production weaknesses. These early failure rates can be attributed to two things • Poor or unrefined initial design. Correcting this, results in much lower failure rates for successive batches of the product. • Manufacturing defects i.e. defects in the product brought about by poor assembly/materials etc. during production. Both types of failure can be corrected (either by refining the design, or by replacing broken components out in the field), which lead to the failure rate dropping to a steady-state level for some period of time. As time passes, however, the failure rates rise again as hardware components suffer from the cumulative effects of dust, vibration, abuse, temperature extremes and many other environmental maladies. Stated simply, "…The hardware begins to wear out."Software Engineering Topic 1 Page 10 Software Failure Rates Software is not susceptible to the same environmental problems that cause hardware to wear out. In theory, therefore, the failure rate curve for software should take the form shown below. Undiscovered defects in the first engineered version of the software will cause high failure rates early in the life of a program. However, these are corrected (hopefully without introducing other errors) and the curve flattens as shown. The implication is clear. Software doesn't wear out. However, it does deteriorate with maintenance as shown below. During its life, software will undergo changes and it is likely that some new defects will be introduced as a result of this, causing the failure rate curve to spike as shown above. Before the curve can return to the original steady-state failure rate (i.e. before the new bugs have been removed), another change is requested, causing the curve to spike again. Slowly, the minimum failure rate level begins to rise-- the software is deteriorating due to change. Thanks & Regards, Bastin Vinoth NG
What is engineering notation?
Scientific notation is a way to "easily" or "conveniently" write very large or very small numbers. As these numbers are frequently encountered in the sciences, the term scientific notation was introduced to name this "neat" way to "package" these quantities so that they might be more easily grasped and understood.Scientific notation is a useful way of dealing with very large and very small numbers. It allows them to be presented in a form where their magnitude can be seen more easily. Also it can simplify calculations by allowing you to concentrate on the significant digits rather than the orders of magnitude which are very easily dealt with. This latter advantage has somewhat diminished with the widespread availability of calculators and computers. But previously, people used log tables and slide rules for multiplication and division. These calculating devices depended on thinking of numbers in their scientific notation and utilizing the significant digits.The Form of Scientific NotationThe idea behind scientific notation is to write numbers in terms of powers of ten - either positive (for very large numbers), or negative (for very small ones). As an example, consider the mass of an electron, which is approximately 0.0000000000000000000000000001 grams. An easier way to write it uses the significant digit 1 and an exponent based on a multiple of ten. The number becomes the easily represented 1 x 10-28 g.The simple rule is to take your "numbers" and move the decimal point to the left or right so that only one figure is to the left of the decimal. Then write the rest of the significant digits to the right of the decimal, and tack on the appropriate power of ten (again, either positive or negative) to restore the proper value to the figure.Coefficient and Base in Scientific NotationScientific Notation also avoids the headache and potential errors of counting lots of zeros.The number 123000000 in scientific notation is written as:1.23 x 108The first number 1.23 is called the coefficient. It is always a single digit followed by a decimal point and then the rest, but usually only two digits.The second number is called the base and in scientific notation must always be 10. In the number 1.23 x 108 the number 8 is the exponent or power of ten.How to Write a Number in Scientific NotationFor large numbers :1) Put the decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes. In the number 123,000,000 the coefficient will be 1.232) Then write the times "x" and the base 10.3) To find the exponent count the number of places from the "new" decimal point to the end of the number. In 123000000 there are 8 places. Therefore the exponent is 8.There are some minor variations that have evolved to fill different needs, usually because not all fonts or printers allow superscripts: 123000000 can be written as:1.23 E+11 or 1.23 X 10^11 or 1.23 x 1011For small numbers :For numbers less than one we use a similar approach. These numbers all have negative exponents. For example 0.00000123 second (1.23 microseconds) is written:1.23 E-6 or 1.23 x 10^-6 or 1.23 x 10-6Take the original number 0.00000123 and shift the decimal point to the right until you get the coefficient in proper form, as above. The number of digits shifted is then the negative exponent.Notes:a) Numbers less than one all use negative exponents, but what about negative numbers, such as -0.04? We can write this as-4.0 x 10-2b) Always make sure the E is capitalized in 1.23 E-6, otherwise it can be confused with "e" the base of the natural log system.c) Some scientific and engineering fields have special rules, such as electronics where scientific notation is usually in powers divisible by three, such as -3, 3, 6, 9, 12, etc. This is because electronic components are made using standard SI prefixes such as kilo, micro, nano, or pico.d) Usually, Scientific Notation is ignored if you want to keep numbers in common formats, such as 315 microseconds, instead of 3.15 x 10-4 seconds, but this is a matter of preference.Scientific notation is normally used for numbers that are either far to large or far to small to be written conveniently in decimal notation.A,BFor example the Earth's mass is approximately: 5,973,600,000,000,000,000,000,000.0 kgIn scientific notation this would be written as:5.9736 x 1024 kg.In normalised scientific notation numbers are written in the form:A,Ba x 10nWhere:a is a number between 1 and 10n is a positive or negative whole number.In engineering notation, the n value is commonly in the form of multiples of 3. In this way the number will always explicitly match the corresponding SI prefixes.BFor example a distance of 50,000 m would be written as:Scientific Notation: 5 x 104 mEngineering notation: 50 x 103 mIn this example 103 corresponds to the SI prefix "kilo"C as such the engineering notation could be directly described verbally as "fifty kilometres" whereas scientific notation yields the much more unwieldy "five times ten to the power four metres" which is much less intuitively easy to understand, even though it is exactly the same distance.Guidance on converting to and from scientific notation is given in the related links. Specifically References A and B.References:A Scientific notation - Engineering Maths Help from the 'mathcentre' Academic Website.B Scientific notation: Wikipedia Entry.C List of SI prefixes: Wikipedia Entry.Please see related links.
What are the methods of minimizing the effects of errors in measurement?
Always repeat the measurement for reliability . Measurement should always be seen up front and not sideways. Use a new scale for better readings.
Is transmittance a more accurate measurement?
Transmittance is a measurement of the amount of light that is able to pass through a material, and it can be used to accurately determine the amount of light that is transmitted. However, the accuracy of the measurement depends on factors such as the quality of the equipment used and the conditions under which the measurement is taken. Therefore, while transmittance can provide an accurate measurement, it is important to ensure that proper procedures and equipment are used to minimize errors.
What can you do to minimize errors when using commas and apostrophes in your writing?
Just do your best.
Sources of errors encountered in measurement?
sources of errors encountered in measurment
What errors in your technique could cause the line not to go through zero?
Some of the reasons are: Systematic measurement errors. Random measurement errors. Poor use of equipment. Recording errors. Calculation errors. Poor plotting. Wrong model.
Why is journal prepare?
Special journal is prepared to save time and minimize the errors.
How do you minimize parallaxes errors?
read the result/reading from the device at eye level.
How control errors in your work?
You can control errors in your work by working carefully, slowly, and efficiently. Concentrate on your work and minimize distractions.
What is Metrologist?
== == ---- ---- 012.067-010 METROLOGIST (profess. & kin.) : Develops and evaluates calibration systems that measure characteristics of objects, substances, or phenomena, such as length, mass, time, temperature, electric current, luminous intensity, and derived units of physical or chemical measure: Identifies magnitude of error sources contributing to uncertainty of results to determine reliability of measurement process in quantitative terms. Redesigns or adjusts measurement capability to minimize errors. Develops calibration methods and techniques based on principles of measurement science, technical analysis of measurement problems, and accuracy and precision requirements. Directs engineering, quality, and laboratory personnel in design, manufacture, evaluation, and calibration of measurement standards, instruments, and test systems to ensure selection of approved instrumentation. Advises others on methods of resolving measurement problems and exchanges information with other metrology personnel through participation in government and industrial standardization committees and professional societies.GOE: 05.01.04 STRENGTH: S GED: R6 M6 L6 SVP: 8 DLU: 77
Would taking measurements of the same object several times and then averaging them give a more accurate measurement?
Generally, yes, because the averaging removes the effects of random errors in the measurements. However if your measurement technique has biases, these will not be removed through averaging and the averaged result will be biased.
What are the Three sources of errors in person perception how clinicians can minimize the affects of these errors?
please give me the answer of sources of error in person perception
Is quantitative data aways accurate why or why not?
No, because there can be measurement errors as well as errors in recording the data.
