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Either deformation in a plastic material, or fracture in a brittle one.

Oddly enough, a short bolt, tested to failure in a testing machine, will fail in the thread region due to the stress points inherent in the thread form.

Long bolts on the other hand, will fail in the shank.

This is usually explained by the idea that the bolt shank will break at its weakest point, and the longer the bolt, the more of the weak points, and the more of them, the weaker will be the weakest of them.

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