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In the Civil Engineering field Materials Engineering is the development of what?
In the field of civil engineering, material engineering is the development of concrete, mix asphalt concrete, and strong metals such as steel. Alloying is another aspect of materials engineering.
How do engineered materials differ from natural materials?
Engineered materials can differ from natural materials in many ways. Engineered ones are made for specific purposes, some to have more tensile strenght like steel and kevlar, others to be more ductil like the elastomers, others to resist to higher temperatures like the ceramics on the space shuttle, others to conduct electricity like silicon based transistors, and so on. They also differ on composition. Engineered materials can be a mix of natural materials (and by this i mean that occur in the nature without human intervention) and man-made, or only man-made materials.
What is the mixing ratio in asphalt concrete?
Aggregate is the granular material used in asphalt concrete mixtures which make up 90-95 percent of the mixture weight and provides most of the load bearing characteristics of the mix. Therefore, the quality and physical properties of the aggregates are critical to the pavement performance. The following is recommended:(1) Aggregates should be nonplastic. The presence of clay fines in an asphalt mix can result in problems with volume swell and adhesion of asphalt to the rock contributing to stripping problems. The minus #4 sieve material should have a minimum sand equivalent value of 45 using the test method described in the American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) specification (AASHTO T-176).(2) A limit should be placed on the amounts of deleterious materials permitted in the aggregates. Specifications should limit clay lumps and friable particles to a maximum of one percent.(3) Durability or weathering resistance should be determined by sulfate soundness testing. Specifications should require a sodium or magnesium sulfate test using the limits described in the AASHTO specification M-29.(4) Aggregate resistance to abrasion should be determined. Specifications should require a Los Angeles abrasion loss of 45 percent or less (AASHTO T-96).(5) Friction between aggregate particles is dependent on aggregate surface roughness and area of contact. As surface friction increases, so does resistance of the mix to deformation. Specifications should require at least 60 percent of the plus #4 sieve material to have at least two mechanically induced fractured faces.(6) The quality of natural sand varies considerably from one location to another. Since most natural sands are rounded and often contain a high percentage of undesirable materials, the amount of natural sand as a general rule should be limited to 15 to 20 percent for high volume pavements and 20 to 25 percent for medium and low volume pavements. These percentages may increase or decrease depending on quality of the natural sand and the types of traffic to which the pavement will be subjected.(7) For adequate control, aggregate gradations should be specified from the maximum particle size to the #200 sieve so each successive sieve opening is about 1/2 the previous sieve opening (for example, 1 inch, 1/2 inch, #4, #8, #16, #30, #50, #100, #200). The only accurate method to determine the amount of minus #200 sieve material is to perform a wash gradation in accordance with AASHTO T-27 and AASHTO T-11.(8) The ratio of dust (minus #200 sieve material) to asphalt cement, by mass, is critical. Asphalt concrete mixes should require a maximum dust asphalt ratio of 1.2 and a minimum of 0.6.(9) A tool which is very useful in evaluating aggregate gradations is the 0.45 power gradation chart. All mixes should be plotted on these charts as part of the mix design process (Attachment 1).(10) An aggregate's specific gravity and absorption characteristics are extremely important in proportioning and controlling the mixture. It is recommended that AASHTO T-209 be used to determine the maximum specific gravity of asphalt concrete mixes. States not using AASHTO T-209 should be aware of the difficulty of determining the theoretical maximum density using individual ingredient specific gravities and their percentages in the mixture. These difficulties will result in inaccuracies in determining the specific gravity of the mixture. These inaccuracies will carry through to the calculation of the densities in the compacted mat and may result in improperly compacted pavements. It is also necessary to determine the bulk dry specific gravity of the aggregate in order to determine the voids in the mineral aggregate (VMA).The target value for VMA should be obtained through the proper distribution of aggregate gradation to provide adequate asphalt film thickness on each particle and accommodate the design air void system. In addition, tolerance used in construction quality control should be such that the mix designed is actually produced in the field.
What is the importance of sieve analysis?
The preparation or introduction of Sieve Analysis a sample of the aggregate must be obtained from the source. The aggregate, the total weight is required. it should be mixed thoroughly and then reduced to a suitable size for testing in order to prepare the sample.
Define value Engineering and its objectives Discuss the various approaches for value engineering and analysis?
Define value Engineering and its objectives Discuss the various approaches for value engineering and analysis?Value Engineering is a systematic method to improve the "Value" of goods and services by using an examination of function. Value, as defined, is the ratio of Function to Cost. Value can therefore be increased by either improving the Function or reducing the cost. It is a primary tenet of Value Engineering that basic functions be preserved and not be reduced as a consequence of pursuing Value improvements.Value Engineering is a body of knowledge as a technique in which the value of a system's outputs is optimized by crafting a mix of performance (Function) and costs. In most cases this practice identifies and removes unnecessary expenditures, thereby increasing the value for the manufacturer and/or their customers.Value Engineering uses rational logic (a unique "how" - "why" questioning technique) and the analysis of Function to identify relationships that increase Value. It is considered a quantitative method similar to the Scientific Method, which focuses on Hypothesis - Conclusion to test relationships, and Operations Research, which uses model building to identify predictive relationships.VALUE ANALYSIS -- The Job PlanValue Engineering is often done by systematically following a multi-stage Job Plan. IT IS a 8-step procedure , called the Value Analysis Job Plan. Others have varied the Job Plan to fit their constraints. One modern version has the following eight steps:PREPARATIONINFORMATIONANALYSISCREATIONEVALUATIONDEVELOPMENTPRESENTATIONFOLLOW-UPFour basic steps in the VALUE ANALYSIS Job Plan are:Information gathering - This asks what the requirements are for the object. Function analysis, an important technique in value engineering, is usually done in this initial stage. It tries to determine what functions or performance characteristics are important. It asks questions like; What does the object do? What must it do? What should it do? What could it do? What must it not do?Alternative generation (Creation) - In this stage value engineers ask; What are the various alternative ways of meeting requirements? What else will perform the desired function?Evaluation - In this stage all the alternatives are assessed by evaluating how well they meet the required functions and how great will the cost savings be.Presentation - In the final stage, the best alternative will be chosen and presented to the client for final decision.How it worksVE follows a structured thought process to evaluate options.Gather information1. What is being done now?Who is doing it?What could it do?What must not to do?Measure2. How will the alternatives be measured?What are the alternate ways of meeting requirements?What else can perform the desired function?Analyze3. What must be done?What does it Cost?Generate4. What else will do the job?Evaluate5. Which Ideas are the best?6. Develop and Expand Ideas What are the impacts? What is the cost? What is the performance?7. Present Ideas Sell AlternativesVALUE ENGINEERINGValue engineering is an approach to productivity improvement that attempts to increase the value obtained by a customer of a product by offering the same level of functionality at a lower cost.Value engineering is sometimes used to apply to this process of cost reduction prior to manufacture, while "value analysis" applies the process to products currently being manufactured.Both attempt to eliminate costs that do not contribute to the value and performance of the product (or service, but the approach is more common in manufacturing).Value engineering, thus, critically examines the contribution made to product value by each feature of a design. It then looks to deliver the same contribution at lower cost.Different types of value are recognised by the approach :Use value relates to the attributes of a product which enable it to perform its function.Cost value is the total cost of producing the product.Esteem value is the additional premium price which a product can attract because of its intrinsic attractiveness to purchasers.Exchange value is the sum of the attributes which enable the product to be exchanged or sold.Although the relative magnitude of these different types of value will vary between products, and perhaps over the life of a product, VE attempts to identify the contribution of each feature to each type of value through systematic analysis and structured creativity enhancing techniques.Value engineering programs are best delivered by multi-skilled teams consisting of designers, purchasing specialists, operations personnel, and financial analysts.Pareto analysis is often used to prioritise those parts of the total design that are most worthy of attention. These are then subject to rigorous scrutiny. The team analyses the function and cost of those elements and tries to find any similar components that could do the same job at lower cost.Common results are a reduction in the number of components, the use of cheaper materials, or a simplification of the process================================================VALUE ENGINEERING CAN BE APPLIED TO ANY MANUFACTURING,HERE IS AN EXAMPLE OF TRACTOR MANUFACTURINGFIRM IN THE FOLLOWING AREAS1.TRACTOR DESIGN-make the design simple- easy to use-reduce COMPLICATED / expensive parts.---------------------------------------------------------2.TRACTORS RAW MATERIAL / PARTS PROCUREMENT-establish the demand planning system [ reduce the fluctuations in production]-establish the inventories of raw materials [ reduce the cost of stock holding]-establish the economic order quantity [ """"""""""""""""""""""""""""""]------------------------------------------------------------------------------3. TRACTORS PRODUCTION PLANNING-establish an effective / efficient production planning system [ cost savings]------------------------------------------------------------------------------4.TRACTORS PRODUCTION-establish a lean production [ cost effective]----------------------------------------------------------------------5. TRACTORS TOTAL QUALITY ASSURANCE.-set up quality assurance system to reduce quality problems/ rejections][ cost savings ]-------------------------------------------------------------6.TRACTORS FINISHED GOOD INVENTORY-match the finished stock inventory to market demand / sales requirements][ cost saving in stock holding ]--------------------------------------------------------------------7.TRACTORS CUSTOMER SERVICE-provide effective customer order processing/order service/timely despatch to customers.[ adds value to customers / reduces distribution cost]----------------------------------------------------------------------------8.TRACTORS AFTER SALES SERVICE-offer warranty/ after sales service to customers[ adds value to the product and increases sales ]============================================TRACTORS MANUFACTURER CAN ADD VALUE/ REDUCE COSTBY APPLYING THE VALUE ANALYSIS -JOB PLAN TO EACHOF THE ABOVE LISTED 8 STAGES OF TRACTORS MANUFACTURING.
What is the cement render mix for outside walls?
one part cement to four parts of sharp sand
Can you mix paint and cement mix to paint interior walls?
Yes you can.
Which color mix with gray to get yellow?
You cannot mix grey with a single colour to form yellow. Yellow is made by mixing green and red. The addition of grey would render a dark shade of yellow.
When was Best Mix of Our Lives created?
Best Mix of Our Lives was created in 1985.
What is the best cement mix to render a swimming pool?
You should use 12 sand (washed sand) 1 bag of cement and 1 shovel of clay (fire clay is ok) or replace the clay with 2.5 shovels of hydrated lime. Mix ti a consistency that reminds you of whipped cream. It will look a bit like elephant hyde.
What is history of Walls ice cream?
Walkers owns walls ice-cream and they mix the flavours to make the crisps
What are the recommended proportions for a cement plaster mix to achieve a smooth and durable finish on walls?
The recommended proportions for a cement plaster mix to achieve a smooth and durable finish on walls are typically 1 part cement to 3-4 parts sand. This mixture helps create a strong bond and a smooth surface when applied to walls.
What is a Victorian soap boiler?
A cauldron heated by wood to render beef fat then add the alkali and water mix plus the salt and stir till solids form,
How can I create a unique and textured finish on my walls using paint with egg?
To create a unique and textured finish on your walls using paint with egg, you can mix egg yolk with your paint to add texture and depth. The egg yolk will create a subtle sheen and a smooth finish. Be sure to mix the egg yolk thoroughly with the paint before applying it to the walls for a cohesive look.
When was The Best Nonstop Mix Compilation created?
The Best Nonstop Mix Compilation was created on 1991-01-25.
Can you use a normal render mix 1 part lime 1 part cement 6 parts sand on osb boards?
I have seen it done this way on small jobs.
What is the best method for applying a stucco patch to repair damaged walls?
The best method for applying a stucco patch to repair damaged walls is to clean the area thoroughly, apply a bonding agent, mix the stucco patch according to the manufacturer's instructions, and then apply the patch in thin layers, allowing each layer to dry before applying the next. Finally, smooth out the patch with a trowel for a seamless finish.
