What is amyotrophic lateral sclerosis?

Answer 1

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is popularly known as Lou Gehrig's disease. ALS is a neurological condition that has adverse effects on the nerve cells that control voluntary muscle movement. The nerve cells are known as motor neurons that are present in the brain and spinal cord. The primary function of these neurons is to send signals from the brain to muscles.

On the occurrence of ALS, motor neurons degenerate, hence showing compromised signalling activities. This leads to muscular weakness, loss of self-control, or stiffness. This is progressive, leading to muscle wasting (atrophy). Hence, the individual's ability to perform everyday activities is compromised. This might include walking, swallowing, speaking, breathing, performing daily tasks, etc. Although the exact cause behind ALS is unknown, research has shown various factors. Approximately 5-10% of the cases of ALS are inherited (familial ALS), while others are sporadic ALS. Researchers have shown the primary cause of sporadic ALS to be a combination of various reasons, such as genetics, environmental factors, and cellular factors. Some of the other factors include oxidative stress, abnormal protein production, and inflammation.

Some of the early symptoms of ALS include muscular twitching, limb weakness, cramps, slurred speech, and compromised ability to grab objects. Although patients with ALS remain mentally alert, their memory or senses are not affected. The treatment prescribed includes physical therapy, occupational therapy, medications, or dietary interventions, depending on the individual's problem. However, there is no cure available for ALS to date. At the same time, the current research focuses on using regenerative medicine, neuroprotective treatments, and gene therapy.

Answer 2

Definition

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement.

ALS is also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.

Alternative Names

Lou Gehrig's disease; ALS; Upper and lower motor neuron disease; Motor neuron disease

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

In about 10% of cases, ALS is caused by a genetic defect. In other cases, the cause is unknown.

In ALS, nerve cells (neurons) waste away or die, and can no longer send messages to muscles. This eventually leads to muscle weakening, twitching, and an inability to move the arms, legs, and body. The condition slowly gets worse. When the muscles in the chest area stop working, it becomes hard or impossible to breathe on one's own.

ALS affects approximately 1 out of every 100,000 people.

Except for having a family member who has a hereditary form of the disease, there are no known risk factors.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually do not develop until after age 50. Persons with ALS have a loss of muscle strength and coordination that eventually gets worse. This eventually makes one unable to do routine tasks such as going up steps, getting out of a chair, or swallowing.

Breathing or swallowing muscles may be the first muscles affected. As the disease gets worse, more muscle groups develop problems.

ALS does not affect the senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch), bladder or bowel function, or a person's ability to think or reason.

Symptoms include:

• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
  • Gagging
  • Chokes easily
• Head drop due to weak spinal and neck muscles
• Muscle cramps
• Muscle weaknessthat slowly gets worse
  • Commonly involves one part of the body first, such as the arm or hand
  • Eventually leads to difficulty lifting, climbing stairs, and walking
• Paralysis
• Speech problems, such as a slow or abnormal speech pattern
• Voice changes, hoarseness

Additional symptoms that may be associated with this disease:

• Drooling
• Muscle contractions
• Muscle spasms
• Ankle, feet, and leg swelling
• Weight loss

Signs and tests

An exam of the nerves and muscles shows weakness, often beginning in one area. There may be muscle tremors, spasms, twitching, or loss of muscle tissue (atrophy). Atrophy and twitching of the tongue are common.

The person's walk may be stiff or clumsy. Reflexes may be abnormal and may include loss of the gag reflex. Some patients have trouble controlling crying or laughing. This is sometimes called "emotional incontinence."

Tests that may be done include:

• Blood tests to rule out other conditions
• Breathing test to see if lung muscles are affected
• EMG to see which nerves do not work properly
• Genetic testing, if there is a family history of ALS
• Head CT or MRI of head to rule out other conditions
• Swallowing studies
• Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

Treatment

There is no known cure for ALS. The first drug treatment for the disease is a medicine called riluzole. Riluzole may prolong life, but does not reverse or stop the disease from getting worse.

The goal of treatment is to control symptoms. Baclofen or diazepam may be used to control spasticity that interferes with activities of daily living. Trihexyphenidyl or amitriptyline may be prescribed for people with problems swallowing their own saliva.

Physical therapy, rehabilitation, use of braces or a wheelchair, or other orthopedic measures may be needed to maximize muscle function and general health.

Choking is common. Patients may decide to have a tube placed into their stomach for feeding. This is called a gastrostomy.

A nutritionist is very important to help prevent weight loss. The illness itself appears to increase the need for food and there is usually limited ability to swallow.

The use of devices to assist in breathing includes machines that are only used at night as well as constant mechanical ventilation. Patients should discuss their wishes regarding artificial ventilation with their families and doctors.

Support Groups

Emotional support is vital in coping with the disorder, because mental functioning is not affected. Groups such as the ALS Association may be available to assist in coping with the disorder.

See: ALS - support group

Expectations (prognosis)

There is progressive loss of ability to function or care for oneself. Death often occurs within 3 to 5 years of diagnosis, about 20% of patients survive more than 5 years after diagnosis.

Complications

• Inhaling food or fluid
• Loss of ability to care for self
• Lung failure (See: Adult respiratory distress syndrome)
• Pneumonia
• Pressure sores
• Weight loss

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if symptoms suggest ALS, particularly if there is a family history of the disorder.

Call your health care provider if ALS has been diagnosed and symptoms worsen or new symptoms develop. Increased difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, and episodes of apnea are symptoms that require immediate attention.

Prevention

Genetic counseling may be advised if there is a family history of ALS.

References

Harrison T. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. In: Ferri FF, ed. Ferri's Clinical Advisor 2008: Instant Diagnosis and Treatment. 1st ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Mosby Elsevier; 2008.

Feldman EL. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap. 435.

Answer 3

Definition

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, or ALS, is a disease of the nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord that control voluntary muscle movement.

ALS is also known as Lou Gehrig's disease.

Alternative Names

Lou Gehrig's disease; ALS; Upper and lower motor neuron disease; Motor neuron disease

Causes, incidence, and risk factors

In about 10% of cases, ALS is caused by a genetic defect. In the remaining cases, the cause is unknown.

In ALS, nerve cells (neurons) waste away or die, and can no longer send messages to muscles. This eventually leads to muscle weakening, twitching, and an inability to move the arms, legs, and body. The condition slowly gets worse. When the muscles in the chest area stop working, it becomes hard or impossible to breathe on one's own.

ALS affects approximately 5 out of every 100,000 people worldwide.

There are no known risk factors, except for having a family member who has a hereditary form of the disease.

Symptoms

Symptoms usually do not develop until after age 50, but they can start in younger people. Persons with ALS have a loss of muscle strength and coordination that eventually gets worse and makes it impossible to do routine tasks such as going up steps, getting out of a chair, or swallowing.

Breathing or swallowing muscles may be the first muscles affected. As the disease gets worse, more muscle groups develop problems.

ALS does not affect the senses (sight, smell, taste, hearing, touch). It only rarely affects bladder or bowel function, or a person's ability to think or reason.

Symptoms include:

• Difficulty breathing
• Difficulty swallowing
  • Choking easily
  • Drooling
  • Gagging
• Head drop due to weakness of the neck muscles
• Muscle cramps
• Muscle contractions called fasciculations
• Muscle weaknessthat slowly gets worse
  • Commonly involves one part of the body first, such as the arm or hand
  • Eventually leads to difficulty lifting, climbing stairs, and walking
• Paralysis
• Speech problems, such as a slow or abnormal speech pattern (slurring of words)
• Voice changes, hoarseness
• Weight loss

Signs and tests

The health care provider will take a medical history, which includes strength and endurance.

A physical examination of strength shows weakness, often beginning in one area. There may be muscle tremors, spasms, twitching, or loss of muscle tissue (atrophy). Atrophy and twitching of the tongue are common.

The person's walk may be stiff or clumsy. Reflexes are abnormal. There are increased reflexes at the joints, but there may be a loss of the gag reflex. Some patients have trouble controlling crying or laughing. This is sometimes called "emotional incontinence."

Tests that may be done include:

• Blood tests to rule out other conditions
• Breathing test to see if lung muscles are affected
• Cervical spine CT or MRI to be sure there is no disease or injury to the neck, which can mimic ALS
• Electromyography to see which nerves do not work properly
• Genetic testing, if there is a family history of ALS
• Head CT or MRI to rule out other conditions
• Nerve conduction studies
• Swallowing studies
• Spinal tap (lumbar puncture)

Treatment

There is no known cure for ALS. The first drug treatment for the disease is a medicine called riluzole. Riluzole slows the disease progression and prolongs life.

Treatments to control symptoms are also helpful:

• Baclofen or diazepam may be used to control spasticity that interferes with daily activities.
• Trihexyphenidyl or amitriptyline may be prescribed for people with problems swallowing their own saliva.

Physical therapy, rehabilitation, use of braces or a wheelchair, or other orthopedic measures may be needed to maximize muscle function and general health.

Choking is common. Patients may decide to have a tube placed into their stomach for feeding. This is called a gastrostomy.

A nutritionist is very important. Patients with ALS tend to lose weight. The illness itself increases the need for food and calories. At the same time, problems with swallowing make it hard to eat enough.

Breathing devices include machines that are used only at night, and constant mechanical ventilation.

Patients should discuss their wishes regarding artificial ventilation with their families and doctors.

Support Groups

Emotional support is vital in coping with the disorder, because mental functioning is not affected. Groups such as the ALS Association may be available to help people who are coping with the disorder.

Support for people who are caring for someone with ALS is also available, and may be very helpful.

See: ALS - support group

Expectations (prognosis)

Over time, people with ALS progressively lose the ability to function and care for themselves. Death often occurs within 3 - 5 years of diagnosis. About 25% of patients survive for more than 5 years after diagnosis.

Complications

• Breathing in food or fluid (aspiration)
• Loss of ability to care for self
• Lung failure (See: Adult respiratory distress syndrome)
• Pneumonia
• Pressure sores
• Weight loss

Calling your health care provider

Call your health care provider if:

• You have symptoms of ALS, particularly if you have a family history of the disorder
• You or someone else has been diagnosed with ALS and symptoms get worse or new symptoms develop

Increased difficulty swallowing, difficulty breathing, and episodes of apneaare symptoms that require immediate attention.

Prevention

You may want to see a genetic counselor if you have a family history of ALS.

References

Feldman EL. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap. 435.

Reviewed By

Review Date: 08/27/2010

David C. Dugdale, III, MD, Professor of Medicine, Division of General Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine; and Daniel B. Hoch, PhD, MD, Assistant Professor of Neurology, Harvard Medical School, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, A.D.A.M., Inc.