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It had a number of meanings. It meant a skill or ability, as in "There's no art to find the mind's construction in the face." (Duncan in Macbeth)

It also was one of the second person singular present indicative forms of the verb "to be", associated with the second person singular pronoun "thou". The other form was the same as the second person plural form "you are". As in French, the plural form was considered to be more polite and was used when addressing social equals, strangers or especially superiors, whereas the singular "thou art" was used when addressing lovers, pets, children and inferiors. That is why Tybalt's insult to Romeo in Romeo and Juliet, "Thou art a villain" carries an extra sting since he is addressing Romeo as an inferior. Unlike in French, the plural form has almost completely taken over, with relics of the singular form remaining in devotional material such as the early 20th century song "How Great Thou Art."

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14y ago

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