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The original motivation for the development of distributed computing operating systems was for high reliability computing where no downtime (even for maintenance and repair) could be tolerated.
These high reliability computing systems were of necessity composed of many redundant pieces of computing hardware modules (e.g. CPUs, memories, I/Os, hard disks) that a technician could unexpectedly remove at any time. These systems thus needed an operating system that would distribute itself and the applications redundantly too over the redundant hardware and recover from the unexpected removal of that hardware without the loss of any work making use of the removed hardware or a system crash. When the technician either replaced the removed module with a new one or expands the system with several new hardware modules the operating system must automatically distribute itself and the applications across the new redundant hardware without human interaction and without any system crashes.
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