What is the sofitel philippine plaza mission statement?

What is the earliest Kingdom of the Philippines Kingdom of Tundo the Muslim Kingdom or the Spanish Kingdom?

What is the earliest Kingdom of the Philippines? The Lakanate of Tondo, or the Muslim Sultanate or the Spanish Kingdom? Based on the Laguna Copperplate, the Lakanate of Tondo existed as early as 900 AD. The "Arabization" of the Philippines happened in 1300 AD while the Westernization, through Spain, happened in 1500 AD. Therefore, the Kingdom of the Philippines based in Tondo is the oldest Kingdom in the country. In fact, the title of the King of Tondo is Lakan, a non-Muslim and non - western title which means "paramount ruler". This implies that the Lakans of Tondo are the paramount rulers of all native chieftains all over the archipelago. A historical proof of this is the fact that Datu Iberein of Laoang Island, Northern Samar, who has a Hebrew bloodline from Samaria (where the name of Samar Province came from), recognized the authority of the Lakan of Tondo to the point that his tribe hosted the grandson of Lakan Dula, David Dula y Goiti, who was hidden into his tribe's protectorate in the midst of the intense Hispanic persecution of the native nobility in Tondo and Intramuros. So, it is not true that the Muslim Mindanao was never subjugated by foreign invaders. They were, in fact, the first one who were subjugated by the Arabs. The Christians of Luzon, Visayas and Mindanao were subjugated too, this time by the Spaniards. So, both the Muslim Filipinos and Christian Filipinos were subjugated by foreign powers -- Arabs and Spaniards. However, the Kingdom of Tondo, eventually won over the invaders, because as of this writing, the Philippines is now free from foreign invaders -- both from Muslims and Spanish alike. If the Russian defeated the Nazi Germans through the long harsh winter, the Kingdom of Tondo defeated the Muslims, Spaniards, British, Chinese, Americans, and Japanese invaders through long and enduring resistance by the people led by the descendants of the Lakans and skillful diplomacy. The Lakanate of Tondo uses diplomacy and marriages to sustain its reign among the confederated tribes scattered in the whole archipelago. The grandmother of Lakan Dula was married to a prince from Bolkiah ruling family of the Sultanate of Brunei. The mother of Lakan Dula was a member of the British Royalty Ysmeria Doylly from where the regnal name Dula came from because the ancient Filipino alphabet has no letter Y so Doylly became Dulay and later Dula. The eldest son of Lakan Dula, Batang Dula, was married to a sister of Martin de Goiti, the Spanish ruler who founded Manila. The eldest grandson of Lakan Dula, David Dula y Goiti, was married to a granddaughter of a local chieftain, Datu Iberein of Lawang Island, Northern samar. At the present democratic system of the country, the Lakanate of Tondo still reigns private through the descendants of Lakan Bunao Dula, the last King of Tondo. The descendants are keeping the key of the "SUMPA NI LAKAN DULA" which watch over the administrations of different Philippine Presidents. The bad presidents suffer from the "SUMPA" (curse) passed on as public opinion and ending in the jailing of the bad presidents. Those who suffered from the "SUMPA" were President Ferdinand Marcos, President Joseph Estrada and President Gloria Macapagal Arroyo. As of this writing, the curse is now pointing to President Benigno S. Aquino who is answering several court cases that might put him in jail. The present president, Rodrigo Duterte, is being watch very closely by the descendants. The Samaritans or Jewish - blooded people who are not faithful to strict Jewish rituals, are the earliest inhabitants of the Philippines. The Aeta are not the indigenous natives of the archipelago since they came from Borneo. In a book found in Spain entitled Collecion General de Documentos Relativos a las Islas Filipinas, the author has described how to locate Ophir. According to the section "Document No. 98", dated 1519-1522, Ophir can be found by travelling from the Cape of Good Hope in Africa, to India, to Burma, to Sumatra, to Moluccas, to Borneo, to Sulu, to China, then finally Ophir. Ophir was said to be "[...] in front of China towards the sea, of many islands where the Moluccans, Chinese, and Lequios met to trade..." Jes Tirol asserts that this group of islands could not be Japan because the Moluccans did not get there, nor Taiwan, since it is not composed of "many islands." Only the present-day Philippines, he says, could fit the description. Spanish records also mention the presence of Lequious (big, bearded white men, probably descendants of the Phoenicians, whose ships were always laden with gold and silver) in the Islands to gather gold and silver. [9] Other evidence has also been pointed out suggesting that the Philippines is the biblical Ophir. Copy of Solomon's Gold Series - Part 7: Track of the Hebrew to the Philippines shown on You Tube shows why the Philippines is the Ophir. Some historians, like Agoncillo of the Philippines, believes that Filipinos are descendants of Tarshish, one of Noah's great grandson, who settled in the Philippines after the great flood. Tarshish started the settlement that the natives still call today even today as the "Araw City" which was named eventually as Samar in the present dimension. Samaritans are people with Jewish blood but are not strictly practicing Jewish rituals. This historical fact is now unfolding after a group of scientists discovered that the Tagalog dialect actually came from the Waray dialect of Samar, as proven by the Calatagan Burial Jar, which indicates that the earliest civilization in the Philippines might have started in some part of Northern Samar facing the Pacific Ocean where the earliest biological living form from the ocean in the tropics to the land area might have gestated and evolved into human form after millions of years. Lawang - Catubig - Palapag area is an ideal vegetation in the geographic of an ocean, a sea, a bay, a big river, groups of islands, etc -- the topography is a complete package of fertile terrain. Incidentally, Northern Samar is also the gateway to Manila, being the first Philippine island you will see after long years of travel in the Pacific Ocean. That was the reason why a lighthouse was built in Isla de Batang (Batag) and the Spanish government chose the existing ancient native shipping industry in Palapag Island to be the repair station of the Galleon Trade and where the revolt of Lakan Dula descendants, Sumuroy Revolt, also started. The antiquity of the area was scientifically proven with a research on ancient chicken DNA which shows that the Philippines could be the ancestral homeland of the Polynesians, whose forebears colonized the Pacific about 3,200 years ago, the University of Adelaide said recently. An international team of researchers led by Alan Cooper, director of the Australian Center for Ancient DNA (ACAD), at the University of Adelaide used the ancient DNA to study the origins and dispersal of ancestral Polynesian chickens, reconstructing the early migrations of people and the animals they carried with them. They found that Polynesian chickens had their roots in the Philippines, making that region a candidate for the homeland of the mysterious Lapita people thought to be ancestral to Polynesians who transported the domesticated birds to the Pacific islands. "We have identified genetic signatures of the original Polynesian chickens, and used these to track early movements and trading patterns across the Pacific," said lead author Dr. Vicki Thomson of ACAD. "We were also able to trace the origins of these lineages back into the Philippines, providing clues about the source of the original Polynesian chicken populations." 7 There is a scientific theory that the peoples of Polynesia and the rest of Australasia (New Zealand/Australia/Papua New Guineau) including Samoa, Hawaii and likewise as far east as Easter Island and Indonesia and as far west as Madagascar island originated from the Philippines. Our ancestors if the theory is to be believed were highly skilled sea voyagers who predated the Chinese and the Europeans in circumnavigating the globe. Proof of this theory is that the species of chicken in the Philippines is the same as that of chickens in Polynesia and the other islands. Aside from this, the Philippine carabao species is found in Madagascar but not in the African Continent. Plus Philippine mango varieties can be found as well in Madagascar. Additional evidence is the discovery of huge balangays or ancient boats in Butuan, just across Samar Island that could carry up to sixty people at one time. Scientists also confirm that the Philippines is the global epicenter of marine biodiversity in the planet, in a symposium "Scientific Discovery and the Urgent Need for Conservation at the Philippine Epicenter of Marine Biodiversity". The scientists, in a You Tube presentation call the country the Center of Center of The World, "The Philippines" Samar is the Ophir; the name Samar itself is a Jewish name. And Ophir is the ancient city in Samar - prosperous, inhabited by intelligent and good looking people - in the 6th dimension. The natives, even up to now called the place Araw City. They can feel their existence. The Philippine government calls it Samar. The Bible calls it Ophir. This is the reason why Samar today is still home to virgin forests and their inhabitants are conservative and old fashion. The people of Araw City have been part of the Philippine struggle for independence. Some of them are intermingling with, or the descendants of Lakan Dula themselves. The reason why the bodies of David Dula y Goiti (David Dulay to the natives) and his seven trusted officers and one haunting dog name sigbin were never recovered after they were executed by the guardia civil in the Palapag town plaza is that they are believed to have returned to the Araw City. Some historians however are saying that they are intentionally buried in unmarked graves to prevent them from becoming the rallying point--a sort of pilgrimage site--of native patriots fighting the Spanish colonizers. The ship repair facilities of the Galleon Trade in Palapag town in Northern Samar was stopped and moved to Cavite together with the skilled workers. Some of these workers are actually the relatives of Sumuroy and David Dulay (David Dula y Goiti), who started or caused the Sumuroy Revolt. The rebellious spirit of the Waray was therefore brought to Cavite, with some of the dedicated Cavite rebels having a Waray-Jewish-Araw City blood and connections. They are part of those who started the Cavite Mutiny which later bloomed into the first Philippine Republic of the Gen. Emilio Aguinaldo of Kawit, Cavite. It was said that the reason the forces of Gen. Emelio Aguinaldo are winning battles after battles against the Spanish guardia civil is the existence of the fighters from Araw City who has the ability to be invisible when they are in the state of the 6th dimension. This is also the reason why the Battle of Balangiga was won by the Waray guerrilla forces--the battle-tested American soldiers simply did not see much of their attackers. When the American soldiers burned Samar later, there are only few residents left, an indication that they might have gone into the Araw City for refuge. There are personal testimonies of people in modern times who were fortunate enough to have been invited in Araw City/Ophir. One of them is Col. Ruben Mendoza Sacaguing during his stint as an Army in the hinterland of Samar. He has written a memoir about it. He said that the place is just like paradise; you will be devoid of greed and you will never notice that time has passed by. Col. Sacaguing looks so young for his actual age now, one benefit he has for having been to Ophir/Araw City. Palapag town, the biblical time shipping hub of Ophir/Araw City was later converted as the Galleon Trade ship repair port. Up to now, remnants of the port can still be seen in the area. The new Apostle's Creed of the Roman Catholic Church has now recognized the co - existence of the unseen when it changed its first sentence to "I believe in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible." Some religious historians believe that this change comes from the efforts of the citizens of Araw City/Ophir for their existence on earth to be formally recognized. This insertion also recognizes that other invisible forces like electricity and cell phone signals are really co - mingling with us, and in fact, helping us. Up to this day, the people of Ophir/Araw City/Samar still influence secretly the Philippine politics and business through the Jewish connections and through the descendants of Lakan Dula who are keeping the key to the "Sumpa ni Lakan Dula". The Sumpa ni Lakan Dula is the main "gaba" or curse that driven away out of office or jailed three Philippine Presidents: Ferdinand Marcos, Joseph Estrada, Gloria Macapagal Arroyo and maybe Noynoy Aquino. Another historical proof that points that Ophir/Araw City is an old civilization of the Philippine archipelago based in Samar island is the article below that point to ancient Tagalog to have come from Samar: Tagalog (pronounced təˈɡɑːlɒɡ in English) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a third of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by most of the rest. It is the first language of the Philippine region IV (CALABARZON and MIMAROPA) and of Metro Manila. Its standardized form, commonly called Filipino, is the national language and one of two official languages of the Philippines. It is related to-though not readily intelligible with-other Austronesian languages such as Malay, Javanese, and Hawaiian. The word Tagalog derived from tagailog, from tagá- meaning "native of" and ílog meaning "river". Thus, it means "river dweller". Very little is known about the history of the language. However, according to linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust, the Tagalogs originated, along with their Central Philippine cousins, from Northeastern Mindanao or Eastern Visayas. The first written record of Tagalog is in the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, written in the year 900 and uses fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Malay, and Javanese. Meanwhile, the first known book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Cristiana (Christian Doctrine) of 1593. It was written in Spanish and two versions of Tagalog; one written in the Baybayin script and the other in the Latin alphabet. The Kingdom of Tondo has its historical roots from Samar Island. This proof was corroborated in an article entitled: "The mystery of the ancient inscription" by Rolando Borrinaga published in the Philippine Daily Inquirer. The article talks about the historically famous "Calatagan Pot" which is a burial jar of the Ancient Tagalogs whose seat is in the Kingdom of Tondo. The burial pot which dates back from 12th to 15th century has mysterious markings which for so many years' historians and linguists have not found a comprehensible interpretation. The historians found out that the pot is used in ancient rituals of sending a dead person's soul to the next life. They used lot of methods to decipher the message in the pot but still they cannot connect the burial rituals and the messages, until they used the present Waray dialect of people from the hinterland of Samar. The ancient messages became very clear. If you go to the Isla de Batag and Lawang Islands in Northern Samar even today, you can still hear natives speaking some Hebrew words not found in any part of Samar nor in Tagalog Region. For instance, they have a word "sibul" for a part of a dwelling place. In Hebrew is "zebool" or dwelling or residence. They have words like "asaya", or eat the fish without rice which must have come from Hebrew word "Asayah" or Yah has made. They also have a term "bug - at" which means heavy, which might have come from the Hebrew word "baw-at" which means to trample down. In summary, the dialect spoken in Samar came from ancient Hebrew which became the basis of the Tagalog dialect. Where did the ancient people of Samar learn the dialect? Because Samar is Ophir or Araw City to some natives even today, which traded with Israel in the Biblical times and the civilization prospered through years of expansions to the pacific islands and inward into the Philippine islands, progressing into a kingdom based in Tondo, Manila.

What are the literature in the period of enlightenment?

1. o The Period of Enlightenment (1872-1898) o 2. o Historical Background o After 300 years of passivity under Spanish rule, the Filipino spirit reawakened when the 3 priests Gomez, Burgos and Zamora were guillotined without sufficient evidence of guilt. This occurred on the 17 th of February. This was buttressed with the spirit of liberalism when the Philippines opened its doors to world trade and with the coming of a liberal leader in the person of Governor Carlos Maria de la Torre. o The Spaniards were unable to suppress the tide of rebellion among the Filipinos. 3. o The once religious spirit transformed itself into one of nationalism and the Filipinos demanded changes in the government and in the church. o A. The Propaganda Movement (1872-1896) o This movement was spearheaded mostly by the intellectual middle-class like Jose Rizal, Marcelo del Pilar; Graciano Lopez Jaena, Antonio Luna, Mariano Ponce, Jose Ma. Panganiban, and Pedro Paterno. The objectives of this movement were to seek reforms and changes like the following: 4. 1. To get equal treatment for the Filipinos and the Spaniards under the law. 2. To make the Philippines a colony of Spain. 3. To restore Filipino representation in the Spanish Cortes. 4. To Filipinize the parishes. 5. To give the Filipinos freedom of speech, of the press, assembly and for redress of grievances. 5. o B. Highlights of the Propaganda Movement o o There were three principal leaders of the Propaganda movement. They were Jose P. Rizal, Marcelo H. del Pilar and Graciano Lopez Jaena. Here are highlights about them and what they have done for our country. o o DR. JOSE P. RIZAL o o Jose Protacio Rizal Mercado Alonzo y Realonda was born on June 19, 1861 at Calamba, Laguna. His first teacher was his mother Teodora Alonozo. He studied at the Ateneo de Manila, started medicine at UST and finished at the Universidad Central of Madrid. He also studied at the University of Berlin, Leipzig and Heidelberg. 6. He died by musketry in the hands of the Spaniards on December 30, 1896 on charges of sedition and rebellion against the Spaniards. His pen-name was Laong Laan and Dimasalang. His books and writings: 1. NOLI ME TANGERE. This was the novel that gave spirit to the propaganda movement and paved the way to the revolution against Spain. In this book, he courageously exposed the evils in the Spanish-run government in the Philippines. 7. The Spaniards prohibited the reading of this novel but a lot of translations were able to enter stealthily in the country even if it means death to those caught in possession of them. The NOLI gave Philippine literature the immortal characters Maria Clara, Juan Crisostomo Ibarra, Elias, Sisa, Pilosofong Tasio, Doña Victorina, Kapitana Maria, Basilio and Crispin, Rizal had a powerful pen in the delineation of these characters. 2. EL FILIBUSTERISMO. This is a sequel to the NOLI. 8. o While the NOLI exposed the evils in society, the FILI exposed those in the government and in the church. However, the NOLI has been dubbed the novel of society while that of FILI is that of politics. o 3. MI ULTIMO ADIOS (My Last Farewell). This was a poem by Rizal while he was incarcerated at Fort Santiago and is one that can compare favorably with the best in the world. It was only after his death when his name was affixed to the poem. 9. 4. SOBRE LA INDOLENCIA DE LOS FILIPINOS (On the Indolence of the Filipinos). An essay on the so-called Filipino indolence and an evaluation of the reasons for such allegations. 5. FILIPINAS DENTRO DE CIEN AÑOS (The Philippines within a Century). An essay predicting the increasing influence of the US in the Philippines and the decreasing interest of Europe here. Rizal predicted that if there is any other colonizer of the Philippines in the future, it would be the US. 6. A LA JUVENTUD FILIPINA (To the Filipino Youth). A poem Rizal dedicated to the Filipino youth studying at UST. 10. o 7. EL CONSEJO DE LES DIOSES (The Council of the Gods). An allegorical play manifesting admiration for Cervantes. o 8. JUNTO AL PASIG (Beside the Pasig River). Written by Rizal when he was 14 years of age. o 9. ME PIDEN VERSOS (You asked Me for Verses); 1882 and A LAS FLORES DE HEIDELBERG (To the Flowers of Heidelberg). Two poems manifesting Rizal's unusual depth of emotion. o 10. NOTAS A LA OBRA SUCESOS DE LAS FILIPINAS FOR EL DR. ANTONIO DE MORGA (Notes on Philippine Events by Dr. Antonio de Morga): 1889 11. 11. P. JACINTO: MEMORIAS DE UN ESTUDIANTE DE MANILA (P. Jacinto: Memoirs of a Student of Manila) 1882 12. DIARIO DE VIAJE DE NORTE AMERICA (Diary of a Voyage to North America) MARCELO H. DEL PILAR Marcelo H. del Pilar is popularly known for his pen name of Plaridel, Pupdoh, Piping Dilat and Dolores Manapat. He was born at Cupang, San Nicolas, Bulacan on August 30, 1850. 12. His parents were Julian H. del Pilar, noted Filipino writer and Biasa Gatmaita. His brother was the priest Fr. Toribio del Pilar who was banished to Marianas in 1872. Because there were many children in the family, Marcelo gave up his share of his inheritance for his other brothers and sisters. Marcelo started schooling at the school of Mr. Flores and then transferred to that of San Jose before UST. His last year in law school was interrupted for 8 years after he had quarrel with the parish priest during a baptism at San Miguel, Manila in 1880. 13. o He established the Diariong Tagalog in 1883 where he exposed the evils of the Spanish government in the Philippines and in order to avoid the false accusations hurried at him by the priests. To avoid banishment, he was forced to travel to Spain in 1888. o He was assisted by Fr. Serrano Laktaw in publishing a different Cathecism and Passion Book wherein they made fun of the priests. They also made the DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN and KAIINGAT KAYO taken from the word IGAT, a kind of snake fish caught in politics. o 14. Upon his arrival in Spain, he replaced Graciano Lopez Jaena as editor of LA SOLIDARIDAD, a paper which became the vehicle thru which reforms in the government could be worked out. This did not last long for he got sick and even to reach Hong Kong from where he could arouse his countrymen. He died of tuberculosis in Spain but before he died, he asked his companions to tell his wife and children that he was sorry he wasn't able to bid them goodbye; to tell others about the fate of our countrymen and to continue helping the country. 15. o Plaridel has truly earned a niche in the history of our nation. Even today, countless streets have been named after him. The former Kingwa has been named Plaridel, the Malolos High School is now Marcelo H. del Pilar High School and above all, his patriotism and bravery will remain alive in our memories. o Writings of Marcelo H. del Pilar o o 1. PAGIBIG SA TINUBUANG LUPA (Love of Country). Translated from the Spanish AMOR PATRIA of Rizal, published on August 20, 1882, in Diariong Tagalog. o 16. 2. KAIINGAT KAYO (Be Careful). A humorous and sarcastic dig in answer to Fr. Jose Rodriquez in the novel NOLI of Rizal, published in Barcelona in 1888. He used Dolores Manapat as pen-name here. 3. DASALAN AT TOCSOHAN (Prayers and Jokes). Similar to a cathecism but sarcastically done agains the parish priests, published in Barcelona in 1888. Because of this, del Pilar was called "filibuster." Done in admirable tone of supplication and excellent use of Tagalog. 4. ANG CADAQUILAAN NG DIOS (God's Goodness). Published in Barcelona, it was also like a cathecism sarcastically aimed against the parish priests but also contains a philosophy of the power and intelligence of God and an appreciation for and love for nature. 17. o 5. SAGOT SA ESPANYA SA HIBIK NG PILIPINAS (Answer to Spain on the Plea of the Filipinos). A poem pleading for change from Spain but that Spain is already old and weak to grant any aid to the Philippines. This poem is in answer to that of Hermenigildo Flores' Hibik sa Pilipinas (A Plea from the Philippines). o 6. DUPLUHAN…DALIT…MGA BUGTONG (A poetical contest in narrative sequence, psalms, riddles). A compilation of poems on the oppression by the priests in the Philippines. 18. 7. LA SOBERANIA EN PILIPINAS (Sovereignty in the Philippines). This shows the injustices of the friars to the Pilipinos. 8. POR TELEFONO (By Telephone) 9. PASIONG DAPAT IPAG-ALAB NG PUSO NG TAONG BABASA (Passion that should arouse the hearts of the readers) GRACIANO LOPEZ JAENA (1856-1896) A most notable hero and genius of the Philippines, Graciano Lopez Jaena was born on December 18, 1856 and died on January 20, 1896. 19. o The pride of Jaro, Iloilo, he won the admiration of the Spaniards and Europeans. He is a known writer and orator in the Philippines. He wrote 100 speeches which were published by Remigio Garcia, former bookstore owner in Manila Filatica and which are still read up to no by modern Filipinos. o o Lopez Jaena left the Philippines in 1887 with the help of Don Claudio Lopez, a rich uncle, in order to escape punishment form his enemies and arrived at Valencia, the center of the Republican movement of the Spaniards. He gained the acquaintance of the high officials like Piy Margall, Morayta, Moret, Castelar, and Salmeron. 20. From Valencia, he moved to Barcelona where he established the first magazine LA SOLIDARIDAD. This later became the official voice of the Association Hispano de Filipinas (a Filipino-Spanish Association) composed of Filipinos and Spaniards who worked for reforms in the Philippines. Because of this, Jaena successfully showed the Spaniards and the people of the world how a newspaperman can introduce changes in law and reforms towards a better life and progress. Jaena, although he didn't become a professor, was also a teacher in a sense to his friends and relatives in the Philippines. 21. o Like Antonio Maria Regidor, Tomas G. del Rosario and Felipe Calderon, he stood for the separation of church and state for free education, better government and schools, freedom of worship and for an independent and free university. o o He sided with Rizal in the controversy between Rizal and del Pilar over who should head the Association Hispano de Filipinas in Madrid. He returned to the Philippines to ask for donations to continue a new government called El Latigo Nacional or Pambansang Latigo. He sold the rights of La Solidaridad ot del Pilar who had become a lawyer and had brought in money from his sojourn in Spain. 22. Graciano Lopez Jaena died in a charity hospital in Barcelona on January 20, 1896, eleven months before his best friend Rizal was shot at the Luneta on December 30, 1896. A. The Works of Graciano Lopez Jaena 1. ANG FRAY BOTOD (Friar Botod). One of his works written in Jaro, Iloilo in 1876, six years after the Cavite Revolt attacking the friars in the Philippines. He exposed how some of the friars were greedy, ambitious and immoral. 23. o 2. LA HIJA DEL FRAILE (The Child of the Friar) and EVERYTING IS HAMBUG (Everything is mere show). Here Jaena explains the tragedy of marrying a Spaniard. o o 3. SA MGA PILIPINO...1891… A speech which aimed to improve the condition of the Filipinos to become free and progressive. o 4. TALUMPATING PAGUNITA KAY KOLUMBUS (An Oration to Commemorate Columbus). A speech he delivered in Madrid on the 39 th anniversary of the discovery of America 24. 5. EN HONOR DEL PRESIDENTE MORAYTA DE LA ASSOCIACION HISPANO FILIPINO 1884. Here he praised Gen. Morayta for his equal treatment of the Filipinos. 6. EN HONOR DE LOS ARTISTAS LUNA Y RESURRECCION HIDALGO. A sincere expression of praise for the paintings of Hidalgo on the condition of the Filipinos under the Spaniards. 7. AMOR A ESPAÑA O A LAS JOVENES DE MALOLOS (Love for Spain or To the Youth of Malolos). The theme is about how girls were taught Spanish in schools and whose teachers were the governors-general of the place. 25. 8. EL BANDOLERISMO EN PILIPINAS (Banditry in the Philippines). Jaena refuted the existence of banditry in the Philippines and of how there should be laws on robbery and other reforms. 9. HONOR EN PILIPINAS (Honor in the Philippines). The triumphant exposition of Luna, Resurrecion and Pardo de Tavera of the thesis that intellect or knowledge gives honor to the Philippines. 10. PAG-ALIS SA BUWIS SA PILIPINAS (Abolition of Taxes in the Philippines) 11. INSTITUCION NG PILIPINAS (Sufferings of the Philippines). Jaena refers here to the wrong management of education in the Philippines 1887. 26. B. OTHER PROPAGANDISTS ANTONIO LUNA Antonio Luna was a pharmacist who was banished by the Spaniards to Spain. He joined the Propaganda Movement and contributed his writings to LA SOLIDARIDAD. Most of his works dealt with Filipino customs and others were accusations about how the Spaniards ran the government. His pen name was Tagailog. He died at the age of 33 in June 1899. He was put to death by the soldiers of Aguinaldo because of his instant rise to fame which became a threat to Aguinaldo. 27. o Some of his works are: o o 1. NOCHE BUENA (Christmas Eve). It pictured true Filipino life. o o 2. SE DEVIERTEN (How They Diverted Themselves). A dig at a dance of the Spaniards where the people were very crowded. o 3. LA TERTULIA FILIPINA (A Filipino Conference or Feast). Depicts a Filipino custom which he believed was much better than the Spanish. o 28. 4. POR MADRID (For Madrid). A denouncement of Spaniards who claim that the Philippines is a colony of Spain but who think of Filipinos as foreigners when it comes to collecting taxes for stamps. 5. LA CASA DE HUEPEDES (The Landlady's House). Depicts a landlady who looks for boarders not for money but in order to get a husband for her child. MARIANO PONCE Mariano Ponce became an editor-in-chief, biographer and researcher of the Propaganda Movement. He used Tikbalang, Kalipulako, and Naning as pennames. The common themes of his works were the values of education. He also wrote about how the Filipinos were oppressed by the foreigners and of the problems of his countrymen. Among his writings were: 29. 1. MGA ALAMAT NG BULACAN (Legend of Bulacan). Contains legends, and folklores of his native town. 2. PAGPUGOT KAY LONGINOS (The Beheading of Longinos). A play shown at the plaza of Malolos, Bulacan. 3. SOBRE FILIPINOS (About the Filipinos) 4. ANG MGA PILIPINO SA INDO-TSINA (The Filipinos in Indo-China) PEDRO PATERNO Pedro Paterno was a scholar, dramatic, researcher and novelist of the Propaganda Movement. 30. o He also joined the Confraternity of Masons and the Asociacion Hispano-Pilipino in order to further the aims of the Movement. He was the first Filipino writer who escaped censorship of the press during the last day of the Spanish colonization. o The following were a few of his wrtings: o o 1. NINAY. The first social novel in Spanish by a Filipino. o 2. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). Shows the importance of a mother especially in the home. o 3. SAMPAGUITA Y POESIAS VARIAS (Sampaguitas and Varied Poems). A collection of his poems. o o 31. JOSE MA. PANGANIBAN Jose Ma. Panganiban hid his identity behind his penname JORMAPA. He was also known for having photographic mind. He was a member of a number of movements for the country. Some of his writings were: 1. ANG LUPANG TINUBUAN (My Native Land) 2. ANG AKING BUHAY (My Life) 3. SU PLANO DE ESTUDIO (Your Study Plan) 4. EL PENSAMIENTO (The Thinking) 32. C. Period of Active Revolution (1896-1898) Historical Background The Filipinos did not get the reforms demanded by the propagandists. The government turned deaf ears to these petitions; oppression continued and the church and the government became even more oppressive to the Filipinos. The good intentions of Spain were reversed by the friars who were lording it over in the Philippines. Because of this, not a few of the Filipinos affiliated with the La Liga Filipina (a civic organization suspected of being revolutionary and which triggered Rizal's banishment to Dapitan). Like Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto, Apolinario Mabini, Jose Palma, and Pio Valenzuela decided that there was no other way except to revolt. 33. o The gist of literature contained mostly accusations against the government and was meant to arouse the people to unite and to prepare for independence. o D. Highlights of the Active Revolution o The noted leaders of this period were Andres Bonifacio, Emilio Jacinto and Apolinario Mabini. These are their contributions to our country. 34. ANDRES BONIFACIO Andres Bonifacio is best known as the Father of Filipino Democracy, but more than others, as the Father of the Katipunan because he led in establishing the Kataas-taasan, Kagalang-galanga Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK). Andres Bonifacio came from a poor family and it is said that what he learned he got from the school of experience. He was a voracious reader and among those he loved to read which aroused his revolutionary spirit were the NOLI and the FILI of Rizal. 35. o He joined the La Liga Filipina founded by Rizal in 1892. He established the Katipunan which triggered the spirit of freedom especially when Rizal was banished to Dapitan, Mindanao. o Bonifacio is better known as the great Revolutionary rather than a writer but he also wrote things which paved the way for the revolution and which also became part of our literature. Among his works were: 36. 1. ANG DAPAT MABATID NG MGA TAGALOG (What the Tagalogs Should Know) 2. KATUNGKULANG GAGAWIN NG MGA ANA NG BAYAN (Obligations of Our Countrymen). This is an outline of obligations just like the 10 commandments of God. 3. PAG-IBIG SA TINUBUAN LUPA (Love of One's Native Land). A poem with a title similar to that of Marcelo H. del Pilar. 4. HULING PAALAM (Last Farewell). A translation of Mi Ultimo Adios of Rizal in Tagalog. 37. o APOLINARIO MABINI o Apolinario Mabini is known in literature and history as the Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution. o EMILIO JACINTO o Emilio Jacinto was the intelligent assistant of Andres Bonifacio in the establishment of the Katipuna. He is called the Brains of the Katipunan. He edited Kalayaan (Freedom) a Katipunan newspaper. Bonifacio withdrew his writing of the Kartilya in deference to Jacinto's work as secretary of the Katipunan. His Kartilya was the one followed by the members of the organization. Here are few of his writings: 38. 1. KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN (A primer book on the Katipunan) 2. LIWANAG AT DILIM (Light and Darkness). A collection of essays on different subjects like freedom, work, faith, government, love of country. 3. A MI MADRE (To My Mother). A touching ode to his mother. 4. A LA PATRIA (To My Country). His masterpiece. 39. He was born in Talaga, Tanauan, Batangas on July 22, 1864. Because he was born of a poor family he had to work in order to study. He became known to his professors and classmates at Letran and the UST because of his sharp memory and the simple clothes he used to wear throughout his schooling. He became the right-hand of Emilio Aguinaldo when the latter founded his Republic in Malolos. His contributions to literature were writing on government society, philosophy and politics. Here are some of his works: 1. EL VERDADERO DECALOGO (The True Decalogue or Ten Commandments). This was his masterpiece and his aim here was to propagate the spirit of nationalism. 40. o 2. EL DESAROLLO Y CAIDA DE LA REPUBLICA (The Rise and Fall of the Philippine Republic) o 3. SA BAYANG PILIPINO (To the Filipino Nation) o 4. PAHAYAG (News) o OTHER REVOLUTIONISTS o JOSE PALMA o Jose Palma became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine National Anthem) which was set to music by Julian Felipe. 41. He was born in Tondo, Manila on June 6, 1876. His brother Rafael Palma became the president of the UP. He joined the revolution against the Americans together with Gregorio del Pilar, the youngest Filipino general who died during the revolution. Aside from the National Anthem, here are his other works: 1. MELANCOLIAS (Melancholies). A collection of his poems. 2. DE MI JARDIN (In My Garden). A poem expressing one's longings for his sweetheart. 42. NEWSPAPERS DURING THE REVOLUTION In the effort of the Revolutionists to spread to the world their longings for their country, many newspapers were put up during the Revolutionary period. They were: 1. HERALDO DE LA REVOLUCION. Printed the decrees of the Revolutiary Government, news and works in Tagalog that aroused nationalism. 2. LA INDEPENDENCIA (Independence). Edited by Antonio Luna and whose aim was for Philippine Independence. 3. LA REPUBLICA PILIPINA (The Philippine Republic). Established by Pedro Paterno in 1898. 4. LA LIBERTAD (Liberty). Edited by Clemente Zulueta. 43. o Exercises o 1. How does the filipino spirit reawaken after 300 years of passivity under spanish rule? o 2-3 Give 2 objectives of Propaganda Movement to seek reforms and changes. o 4. This is a sequel for the NOLI ME TANGERE o 5. Marcelo H. Del Pilar established the _______in 1882, where he expressed the evils of the spanish government in the Philippines o 6. This became the official voice of the Associacion Hispano de Filipinas 44. o 7. He is the Father of Filipino Democracy and the Father of the Katipunan o 8. He is the Brains of the Katipunan o 9. The Sublime Paralytic and the Brains of the Revolution o 10. He became popular because of his Himno Nacional Filipino (The Philippine National Anthem)

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