Potential energy has to be defined within a frame of reference (much like motion is relative). So if you define "the ground" as 0 gravitational potential energy, then anything sitting on the ground will have 0 potential energy.
There is really no such thing as an "absolute potential energy" anymore than there is a body that is absolutely stationary (at rest, 0 kinetic energy, without regard to frame of reference). All motion is relative, as is potential energy.
yes,when the flow is inward.
Scalar
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Those having only magnitude but no direction are known as scalar quantity. Time, mass, work, power, electric current, electric charge, moment of inertia, magnetic flux, electric flux and so many are found to be scalar in this world.
Surface deliberately made to ease the calculation of the electric flux for detemination of Electric field from gauss's law.
As we know that electric flux is the total number of electric lines of forces passing through a surface. Maximum Flux: Electric flux through a surface will be maximum when electric lines of forces are perpendicular to the surface. Minimum flux: Electric flux through a surface will be minimum or zero when electric lines of forces are parallel to the surface.
Types of flux - Electric and Magnetic Flux. Electric field flux through a closed surface is equal to the change enclosed in the surface, or the rate of change of magnetic flux is equal to the induced voltage around the surface.
The unit of electric flux is Volt-meter or Newton-meter^2 Coulomb^-1.
the difference between lightning and a single cell battery
Scalar
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The electric flux depends on charge, when the charge is zero the flux is zero. The electric field depends also on the charge. Thus when the electric flux is zero , the electric field is also zero for the same reason, zero charge. Phi= integral E.dA= integral zcDdA = zcQ Phi is zcQ and depends on charge Q, as does E.
Electric flux.
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In case of electrostatics, flux density = electric field intensity and in case of magnetism, flux density = magnetic field induction
Under an electric field, magnitude and direction of electric intensity is different in every point.If the electric intensity can be defined through a closed line (direction of electric intensity will be along the tangent of any point of that line)this is called electric lines of force. Electric lines of forces passing through an closed electric surface perpendicularly, is called electric flux.
The electric field is something that exists throughout all space, and only charges can interact with it.The electric field is something used to help describe 'action at a distance'.Imagine two charges separate from each other, both charges experience a force, however they are not touching. The electric field is needed to describe why they experience a force.The electric field strength is defined as the force experienced per charge Q, sitting in that field.E=F/QThe electric flux can be seen much like a flux of water.Here the flux (flow) of water is the amount of water passing through an area.Just as with water, the electric flux is the amount of electric field passing through an area.The stronger the electric field - the higher the flux, per unit area.Imagine flux as a flow of the electric field.Flux = E*A