How are magnet forces caused?

Answer 1

All magnets, whether permanent or electromagnetic, are caused by the movement of electrons. In electromagnets, the electrons flow along the electrical conductor. In a permanent magnet, the electrons are spinning (as electrons are wont to do) and this causes the magnetic field.

No moving electrons = no magnet.

The magnetic field of the Earth is caused by electrical currents flowing in the magma, and aligned roughly parallel to the Equator.

This alignment is probably caused by the inner core rotating slightly faster than the earth's skin. Due to the tidal drag of the Moon.

Answer 2

Magnetic forces are caused by the alignment of tiny magnetic domains within a material, which creates a magnetic field. When two magnetic objects interact, these fields exert attractive or repulsive forces depending on the orientation of the magnetic domains. This interaction is governed by fundamental principles described by Maxwell's equations.

Answer 3

An object that creates a magnetic field will exert a magnetic force an a moving, charged particle. How it does this is part of the fundamental nature of the universe.