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The best of these are currently the 'cesium fountain' atomic clocks in which the cesium atoms, and their atomic spectral emissions, is cooled to close to absolute zero (to minimise thermal effects). These can reach stability of the order of 3 parts in 10(-16). The atomic clock at NIST in the US is of this type. (And in UK, and France etc.)

Which is equivalent to an uncertainty of 1 second in 100 million years.

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What is the working principle of an Atomic Clock?

Atomic clocks work by measuring the vibrations of atoms. Specifically, they use the oscillations of atoms in a hyperfine transition of cesium-133. By counting these vibrations, the clock can keep extremely accurate time, with deviations of only a few billionths of a second per day.


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The most accurate clock available on the market today is the atomic clock, which uses the vibrations of atoms to keep time. These clocks are so precise that they only lose or gain a second every few million years.


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Atomic clocks are used because they are incredibly accurate and precise timekeeping devices. They rely on the vibrations of atoms to measure time, which is highly stable and consistent. This makes atomic clocks essential for applications that require precise time synchronization, such as global navigation systems, telecommunications, and scientific research.


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