How do solar panels work?

Answer 1

Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect. Here's an explanation with important efficiency statistics:

Solar panels are made of photovoltaic cells that contain semiconductor materials (typically silicon). When sunlight hits these cells, it energizes electrons in the semiconductor, creating an electric current.

Key Efficiency Statistics:

1. Commercial solar panel efficiency typically ranges from 15-22%, with premium models reaching up to 23-25%.

2. Laboratory cell efficiency records have reached 47.1% for multi-junction concentrator cells, though these aren't yet commercially viable.

3. Standard monocrystalline silicon panels average 17-22% efficiency.

4. Polycrystalline silicon panels average 15-17% efficiency.

5. Thin-film solar cells have lower efficiencies of 10-15% but can be more flexible and less expensive.

6. Solar panel efficiency decreases about 0.5-1% annually as panels age.

7. Temperature impacts efficiency - panels lose approximately 0.3-0.5% efficiency for each degree Celsius above their rated temperature (typically 25°C).

8. Geographic location significantly affects output - panels in sunny Arizona may produce 70% more energy than identical panels in cloudy Seattle.

These efficiency rates continue to improve as research advances, with theoretical maximum efficiency for single-junction silicon cells at around 33% (Shockley-Queisser limit). The most efficient commercially available panels now exceed 22% efficiency, a significant improvement from the 14-15% standard just a decade ago.

Answer 2

There are two basic types of solar panel available.

Most people tend to think that solar panels generate electricity, but there is also another type of panel that creates hot water instead.

1. The type that creates hot water is generally referred to as a solar thermal panel.
2. The type that creates electricity tends to be called a PV panel; PV stands for Photovoltaic.

Solar Hot Water:

Solar thermal panels are by far the most common type of system to install in a domestic residence in the UK, Europe, or USA because when you compare the time the 2 different types take to effectively pay for themselves against the energy saved on a utility bill the thermal panel usually wins.

Thermal panels usually pump water from a storage cylinder in the house up into a panel on the roof where it gets hot and returns this heat back to the cylinder, supplying hot water to the house for washing etc. They can in some circumstances be used to heat the house too, though this is less common and usually depends on the house being insulated to a very high standard. This is not an effective thing to do in old buildings or in very cold countries.

In the UK a domestic solar thermal system would be expected to supply around 60-70% of the domestic hot water needs.

Solar PV Panels:

A PV panel generates electricity, but is incapable of storing the electricity it creates. For this reason it must either be connected to batteries or pass the electricity to somewhere useful it can be used.

1. Battery based systems are usually referred to as "off grid".
2. Those that pass the electricity on into the network that supplies domestic residencies are referred to as "grid connected". In domestic setups this means that the surplus unused electricity can usually reduce the house electricity bill as it can be sold back to a utility company. This method of selling any surplus electricity is managed in very different ways in different countries, resulting different levels of uptake in different places.

Germany and Spain legislate for electricity utility companies to pay high rates for electricity supplied by domestic PV systems pushing surplus energy back in to the network, resulting in a far higher uptake than the UK.

solar panels absorb the heat and sun light of the sun and transfers it to energy.

Solar energy is captured in a flat metal plate or solar cells installed in your roof of your house.

Solar panels produce electricity by converting the suns photon rays into electric energy. This works by using photovoltaic cells in the solar panel. The photovoltaic cells absorb the energy from the photons which causes them to push out electrons creating electricity.
Under the sun, a photovoltaic cell acts as a photosensitive diode that instantaneously converts light - but not heat - into electricity.

Cell Layers

A top, phosphorus-diffused silicon layer carries free electrons - un-anchored particles with negative charges. A thicker, boron doped bottom layer contains holes, or absences of electrons, that also can move freely. In effect, precise manufacturing has instilled an electronic imbalance between the two layers.

Sun Activation

Photons bombard and penetrate the cell.

They activate electrons, knocking them loose in both silicon layers.

Some electrons in the bottom layer sling-shot to the top of the cell.

These electrons flow into metal contacts as electricity, moving into a circuit throughout a 60-cell module.

Electrons flow back into the cell via a solid contact layer at the bottom, creating a closed loop or circuit.

Powering Homes and Businesses with Solar

Current leaving a module, or array of modules, passes through a wire conduit leading to an inverter. This device, about the shape of a waffle iron, inverts direct current, which flows with a fixed current and voltage, into alternating current, which flows with oscillating current and voltage. Appliances worldwide operate on AC. From the inverter, the solar-generated power feeds into circuitry of a household, business or power plant and onto the region's electrical grid. A remote, or independent, power system also can form a self-contained circuit without connecting to the grid. The off-grid system, however, requires batteries to store power for times, such as night, when modules do not capture enough light energy from the sun.

Answer 3

Solar panels capture sun light via photovoltaic cells and store the energy for use in your home. Unfortunately the panels are quite large, expensive and easily damageable in areas that experience hail during thunderstorms.

Answer 4

Solar panels work by converting sunlight into electricity using photovoltaic cells. These cells absorb sunlight and create an electric field, generating direct current (DC) electricity. An inverter then converts this DC electricity into alternating current (AC) electricity that can be used to power homes and devices.