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An atomic bomb works by fissioning a large number of atoms, releasing their residual binding energy. Fissile material, such as U-235 or Pu-239, is compressed into a supercritical mass, specifically what we call super prompt critical, where all of the negative coefficients drop out and only the fast neutrons are needed for the reaction (which accelerates exponentially). Since the material does not like to stay that way, there is a neutron source to start the reaction up when the compression is optimal, along with extremely sophisticated explosives and very massive inertial tampers such as U-238 which can hold the material together long enough to fully convert. (We are talking about microseconds, but the pressures are enormous.) The material loses mass, and the difference in mass is represented by energy using Einstein's mass-equivalence equation e = mc2, yielding an enormous amount of energy.

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