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The penny analogy for isotopes can be misleading because unlike pennies, isotopes of an element have different numbers of neutrons which can result in different properties. Pennies are all identical regardless of year, whereas isotopes have variations in their physical behavior due to differing numbers of neutrons. Additionally, the chemical behavior of isotopes might differ slightly due to their mass differences, unlike identical pennies.

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What are three types of radiometric dating?

Three types of radiometric dating are carbon-14 dating, uranium-lead dating, and potassium-argon dating. These methods are used to determine the age of rocks and fossils by measuring the decay of radioactive isotopes into stable isotopes over time.


What are three ways nuclear energy is used once it reaches earths surface?

Nuclear energy is used for generating electricity in nuclear power plants, powering nuclear submarines and aircraft carriers, and producing medical isotopes for diagnosing and treating diseases such as cancer.


How many ways can you make one pound?

There are multiple ways to make one pound, depending on the type of currency you are using. For example, in British pound sterling, you can use one coin worth one pound, two coins worth 50 pence each, four coins worth 25 pence each, or 100 coins worth 1 penny each.


Why do some isotopes decay while others do not?

Some isotopes are unbalanced in certain ways, and some have unnecessary, extra energy. Decaying lets these isotopes balance themselves out to a more-stable, lower-energy state. Once a certain state of energy is hit, it becomes energetically unfavorable for the atom to decay further, so they don't. All three main types of radioactive decay can be thought of as stabilizers. Alpha decay stabilizes nuclear size: As nuclei get bigger and bigger, electromagnetic repulsion between the protons begins to overtake the strong nuclear force's hold on the nucleons, so the isotope spits out a helium nucleus to compensate. Beta decay stabilizes the ratio of protons to neutrons: This is done by effectively turning a neutron into a proton through the emission of an electron. This is needed because neutrons by themselves are unstable so they have to be constantly exchanging a particle called a gluon with the surrounding protons to stick together. If there's too many neutrons, some won't be able to do this. Gamma radiation stabilizes the overall nuclear energy: They do this by reducing the nucleus to a lower energy eigenstate through the release of a high-energy photon.


What are the ways in which radioactive isotopes with short half-lives can be more dangerous than isotopes with long half-lives?

An isotope with a short half life is not necessarily more dangerous than one with a longer half life. For example, we can compare 99mTc, with a half life of about 6 hours, with 228Rn, with a half life of about 6 years. 99mTc decays, emitting a low energy gamma ray, to produce 99Tc. This is also radioactive, and emits low energy beta particles, but its half life is about 211,000 years, and its product is not radioactive. 99mTc is a synthetic isotope used for a variety of medical diagnostic purposes. 228Rn is the radon gas many people have in their basements. Since it is a gas, it can decay in a person's lungs, producing a chain of 9 radioactive isotopes, each decaying to produce the next in turn, and each of elements normally found as solids, so they probably remain in the lungs. The longest lived of these isotopes has a half life of less than two years, and the second longest lived has a half life of less than four days. So if radon decays in a person's lungs, the remainder of the decay chain will probably happen in that person's lungs during that person's lifetime. Clearly 99mTc, with a half life of 6 hours, is much less dangerous than 228Rn, with a half life of 6 years.