State the 3 laws of thermodynamics?

Answer 1

The four laws of thermodynamics are:

• Zeroth law of thermodynamics: If two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they must be in thermal equilibrium with each other. This law helps define the notion of temperature.

• First law of thermodynamics: Heat is a form of energy.Because energy is conserved, the internal energy of a system changes as heat flows in or out of it. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the first kind are impossible.

• Second law of thermodynamics: The entropy of any closed system not in thermal equilibrium almost always increases.Closed systems spontaneously evolve towards thermal equilibrium -- the state of maximum entropy of the system. Equivalently, perpetual motion machines of the second kind are impossible.

• Third law of thermodynamics: The entropy of a system approaches a constant value as the temperature approaches zero.The entropy of a system at absolute zero is typically zero, and in all cases is determined only by the number of different ground states it has.

Answer 2

Four laws of thermodynamics exist, though one is labeled the 0th, and as such is not usually considered. The first law describes how other energies change as heat energy is introduced or removed from a system. The second law formulates how the entropy of energy in a system never decreases, and as such eventually the system will reach equilibrium. The third law describes how the system works when a system reaches absolute zero, or absolutely no heat.

Answer 3

Newton postulated many laws of physics but he never weighed in on the subject of thermodynamics; there is no such thing as "Newton's five laws of thermodynamics". Any attachment of his name to any of the laws of thermodynamics is a case of mis-attribution. This is a common phenomena where great statements are often credited to people who are famous in a field - in this case you have Newton who is famous for his incredible contributions to physics. Newton died in 1827; the laws of thermodynamics were not formulated until more than 100 years later.

• The zeroth law states that if two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, they are also in thermal equilibrium with each other. Newton probably intuitively assumed this but he never stated it as a law; it was not codified as a law of thermodynamics until Rankine (1853) and Maxwell (1872) included it as part of separate papers.
• The first law of thermodynamics states that energy is neither created nor consumed; it can only change form. The first full statements of the law were made by Clausius in a 1850 paper, and by Rankine also in 1850.
• Rudolf Clausius was the first to formulate the second law during 1850, in this form: heat does not flow spontaneouslyfrom cold to hot bodies.
• The third law states that a perfect crystal at a thermodynamic temperature of zero would have an entropy of zero. The third law was developed by the chemist Walther Nernst during the years 1906-1912

The calculus Newton helped develop and the laws of physics he postulated have been of great utility in the development of thermodynamics. Although he was contemporary with some of the work that laid the foundation of thermodynamics, the actual development of the discipline antedates him considerably.

Answer 4

1. The first law states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only converted from one form to another.
2. The second law states that the total entropy of an isolated system can never decrease over time, and tends to increase until reaching equilibrium.
3. The third law states that the entropy of a pure crystal at absolute zero is zero, implying that it is impossible to reach absolute zero temperature.