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Selective permeability is determined by several factors, such as the size of molecules or ions, their charge, lipid solubility, presence of specific transport proteins or channels, and the concentration of substances on either side of the membrane. The lipid bilayer itself contributes to selective permeability due to variations in thickness and composition, allowing some substances to pass through while blocking others. Additionally, membrane proteins like transporters and channels play a crucial role in regulating the passage of specific molecules or ions across the membrane.

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