Different density than the first medium.
Light must travel from the optically denser medium to the optically less dense one. For total internal reflection to occur, the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium must be greater than the critical angle of that medium. The critical angle is that angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction is 90o.
When light, for example, is reflected it does not enter the reflecting medium. However, to be refracted or diffracted, light must pass through the system that is altering it.
For refraction to occur, there must obviously be two different substances that are both transparent to the radiation or waves under consideration. Also, the two substances must have different indices of refraction.
The word is refraction. It is better to say that light changes direction even though the term "bend" is often used. The phenomena is intrinsic to waves that pass through the boundary between to mediums, e.g. water waves exhibit refraction when moving from an area of deeper water to shallower water. The concept of refraction is clear and simple only when the boundary between the two mediums of the wave is flat. When an interface is not flat, the refraction, reflection and transmission concepts need a more sophisticated characterization. It should be observed that the refraction of waves at an interface is accompanied by a change in velocity of the waves as well. This is most commonly discussed for light where the speed of light in a medium is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the index of refraction of the medium. (This can be generalized to other types of waves.) Regarding wave speed and wave refraction, one can not say that one causes the other. They must happen together for everything to be consistent.
medium
For refraction to occur in a wave, the wave must enter a new medium at an angle.
Light must travel from the optically denser medium to the optically less dense one. For total internal reflection to occur, the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium must be greater than the critical angle of that medium. The critical angle is that angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction is 90o.
When light, for example, is reflected it does not enter the reflecting medium. However, to be refracted or diffracted, light must pass through the system that is altering it.
For refraction to occur, there must obviously be two different substances that are both transparent to the radiation or waves under consideration. Also, the two substances must have different indices of refraction.
It must pass though a medium from an another medium.
The word is refraction. It is better to say that light changes direction even though the term "bend" is often used. The phenomena is intrinsic to waves that pass through the boundary between to mediums, e.g. water waves exhibit refraction when moving from an area of deeper water to shallower water. The concept of refraction is clear and simple only when the boundary between the two mediums of the wave is flat. When an interface is not flat, the refraction, reflection and transmission concepts need a more sophisticated characterization. It should be observed that the refraction of waves at an interface is accompanied by a change in velocity of the waves as well. This is most commonly discussed for light where the speed of light in a medium is equal to the speed of light in a vacuum divided by the index of refraction of the medium. (This can be generalized to other types of waves.) Regarding wave speed and wave refraction, one can not say that one causes the other. They must happen together for everything to be consistent.
the mother must be present. :))
they must be heterotrophs
It means that -2.75 diopters of refraction must be interposed in front of your eye,and added to the refraction of your cornea plus your natural lens, in order to causeimages to focus on your eye's retina.
It must be naturally occurring and crystalline.
Any two media having different optical densities is necessary. The conditions for total internal reflection are: 1. Light must travel from the optically denser medium to the optically less dense one. 2. The angle of incidence is greater than the critical angle, which is the angle of incidence in the optically denser medium for which the angle of refraction is 90o.
Water