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Archimedes discovered the law of hydrostatic displacement.

Supposedly, in trying to determine how to find the density of the ruler's crown, he was perplexed by the problem. He decided one night to take a bath and, while sitting down in the bath water, he noticed that the water level went up.

From this, he realized that the amount of water displaced was equal to the volume of his body immersed in the water.

From mass and volume, density can be determined, and he could differentiate between different metals due to densities.

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