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Students associate pushes and pulls with moving or active objects they often believe that stationary or passive objects have no forces acting on them at all.

For example, students consider that an active object like a human hand can experience and produce forces, whereas a passive book lying at rest on a table is free from all forces. This view may be commonly held in the middle years and may be still be held by some students in the senior secondary years.

Students do have everyday experiences of objects breaking or bending when big forces are applied to them but they often fail to recognise that forces are present when there is no observable change or distortion as the force acts. For example, a chair collapsing under the weight force of a person or the stretching of a trampoline are seen to involve forces at work whereas an apple resting in a fruit bowl is not.

For both stationary and moving objects with unchanging speed and direction, all the forces acting on the objects are in balance with each other, i.e. they all cancel each other out.

Passive objects exert forces on objects that are exerting forces on them. For example, a heavy bag resting on a bed pushes on the bed because of its downward weight force and the bed pushes back up on the bag with a balancing force as it is squashed under the load.

All objects undergo some squashing (compression) or stretching and change shape when a force is applied to them. In the case of strong materials like concrete or steel table frames this compression is usually very small and not observable unless the applied force is very large.

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