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An element's atomic number gives us the number of electrons surrounding the nucleus of an unionized atom of that element. It also tells us the number of protons in the nucleus of the atom.

6c is a carbon atom 6 in subscript is it's atomic number. it tells us that carbon atom has 6 electrons and 6 protons.

If mass number is given we can find number of neutrons in nucleus also.

no. of neutrons = mass number - atomic number.

6c12 , here 12 in superscript is mass number.

no. of neutrons=12 - 6 = 6 (by using above formula.

Also a knowledge of atomic number helps us determine the arrangement of electrons around the nucleus. Arrangement of electrons determines chemical properties of an element.

Carbon's atom has 2 electron in K(first) shell and 4 electron in L (2nd) shell and thus to have octet(stable configuration) forms four covalent bonds and shows tetra valency.

Mass number and atomic number give us n/p (neutron/proton) ratio which determines stability of nucleus and radioactivity. If an element is radioactive it's atom's nucleus will emit subatomic particles to gain stability.

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