Copper coated zinc
The density of a post-1982 penny, which is made of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, is around 6.99 g/cm^3.
If the penny was made pre-1982, it weighs 3.11 gm and is made of bronze containing 95% copper. That means it contains 0.95 * 3.11 = 2.955 gm of pure copper. If the penny was made post-1982, the penny will weigh 2.5 gm and be made of 97.5% zinc with a coating of copper, so it only contains 0.025 * 2.5 = 0.0625 gm of pure copper.
Prior to 1982, 95% Copper, 5% tin and zinc, with the exception of the 1943's. Post 1982 = 99.2% zinc, 0.8% copper.
1972 has no significance in terms of changes in penny densities. The US Mint did not change the composition of its penny between 1909 to 1982, so any pennies from within this time period would have the same density. Pennies from this time period all contained the same proportions of metals (95% copper, 5% zinc.) Coins from post-switch 1982 to present day are minted of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper. Copper's density is ~8.9g/cm3 while zinc's density is ~7.1g/cm3. Considering the relative compositions of each version of the penny, the post-1982 penny would be the less dense penny, and the pre-1982 penny would be the more dense of the two.
A 1982 penny is heavier than a 2006 penny. In 1982, the composition of the penny changed from being mostly copper to mostly zinc. The higher copper content in the 1982 penny makes it heavier than the 2006 penny, which is mostly zinc.
If by formula you mean composition, a post-1982 penny is 97.5% Zinc and 2.5% Copper by mass.
The density of a post-1982 penny, which is made of 97.5% zinc and 2.5% copper, is around 6.99 g/cm^3.
The switch to zinc was made over the course of 1982, so there's no third variety in the middle.
Pre-1982 pennies are made of bronze, which is 95% copper plus 5% tin and/or zinc. Post-1982 pennies are zinc with a thin coating of copper.
If the penny was made pre-1982, it weighs 3.11 gm and is made of bronze containing 95% copper. That means it contains 0.95 * 3.11 = 2.955 gm of pure copper. If the penny was made post-1982, the penny will weigh 2.5 gm and be made of 97.5% zinc with a coating of copper, so it only contains 0.025 * 2.5 = 0.0625 gm of pure copper.
Next to none. Post-1982 pennies are only plated with copper, they are mostly zinc. The amount of copper on a post-1982 penny is miniscule and costs more to remove than melt value is.
1982
The pH of a penny will depend on its composition. A pre-1982 penny (made of 95% copper and 5% zinc) may have a slightly acidic pH around 4-5 due to oxidation. A post-1982 penny (copper-plated zinc) may have a neutral pH around 7.
From 1793 to 1982, nearly all cents were made of copper or bronze. Post 1982, they're plated with copper. This metal turns brown from oxidation after it's been exposed to the air for a while.
8.869 grams per cubic centimeter approximately. Some 1982 pennies are made of bronze alloy (pre1982) and some are copper plated zinc (post 1982). The change was made at the beginning of 1982 after some pennies had already been struck.
Prior to 1982, 95% Copper, 5% tin and zinc, with the exception of the 1943's. Post 1982 = 99.2% zinc, 0.8% copper.
Yes, the mass of pre-1982 pennies differs significantly from post-1982 pennies due to changes in their composition. Pre-1982 pennies are primarily made of copper and weigh about 3.11 grams, while post-1982 pennies are mostly zinc and weigh about 2.5 grams. This difference can impact the results of a weight experiment, particularly if precise measurements are necessary or if the experiment relies on consistent mass across samples. Thus, using pennies from both eras could lead to inaccuracies in weight-related conclusions.