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In molecules, there are bonds. When they are exposed to infra-red radiation, different bonds absorb the infra-red radiation at different wavelengths. In the observed spectrum, there are "bond stretches", where the observed intensity of certain wavelengths drops due to the absorption. By comparing these "stretches" with a data-booklet, you can see which bonds the molecules have. This is called Infra-red Spectroscopy.

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