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The refractive index or index of refraction of a substance is a measure of the speed of light in that substance. It is expressed as a ratio of the speed of light in vacuum relative to that in the considered medium.

A simple, mathematical description of refractive index is as follows:n = velocity of light in a vacuum / velocity of light in medium

Hence, the refractive index of water is 1.33, meaning that light travels 1.33 times as fast in a vacuum as it does in water.

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